Planning for deep-rooted problems: What can we learn from aligning complex systems and wicked problems?
Planning for deep-rooted problems: What can we learn from aligning complex systems and wicked problems?
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规划根深蒂固的问题：我们可以从协调复杂的系统和棘手的问题中学到什么？
DOI：
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发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Scott Campbell
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Zellner;Scott Campbell
早期的规划师们转向Rittel & Webber在1973年提出的“邪恶问题”（wicked problems）的概念，来解释为什么传统的科学方法无法解决多元化城市社会的问题。最近，“复杂系统”分析吸引了规划者，作为一种创新的方法来了解大都市动态及其社会和环境影响。考虑到学术界对邪恶问题的重新兴趣，我们提出了这样一个问题：规划者如何使用复杂系统方法来解决邪恶问题？我们通过复杂系统的透镜重新评估Rittel和Webber的论点，这提供了一种新的方法来重新定义邪恶的问题，并参与他们的其他棘手的零和僵局。复杂系统框架承认并建立了对导致恶性问题的因素的理解：相互作用，异质性，反馈，邻里效应和集体利益陷阱。这种亲和性允许复杂的系统工具更明确地处理棘手的问题，并识别本地或分布式干预。这一战略与城市危机和社会问题的本质更紧密地联系在一起，而不是与里特尔和韦伯日益怀疑的战后科学方法论联系在一起。尽管有这种潜力，规划者们只是姗姗来迟，犹豫不决地从事复杂的系统分析。这些障碍既有方法上的，也有理论上的，需要创造性的、迭代的问题框架。复杂系统思维不能“解决”或“驯服”邪恶的问题。相反，复杂系统首先描述了邪恶问题的本质，并探索了不可能总是在没有模拟的情况下预测和可视化的合理途径。邪恶的问题和复杂的系统的交叉点提供了一个肥沃的领域，重新思考我们对持续存在的社会和环境问题的理解，调解土地和自然资源的多重冲突，从而重组我们的规划方法，以解决这些问题。
An earlier generation of planners turned to Rittel & Webber’s 1973 conception of “wicked problems” to explain why conventional scientific approaches failed to solve problems of pluralistic urban societies. More recently, “complex systems” analysis has attracted planners as an innovative approach to understanding metropolitan dynamics and its social and environmental impacts. Given the renewed scholarly interest in wicked problems, we asked: how can planners use the complex systems approach to tackle wicked problems? We re-evaluate Rittel and Webber’s arguments through the lens of complex systems, which provide a novel way to redefine wicked problems and engage their otherwise intractable, zero-sum impasses. The complex systems framework acknowledges and builds an understanding around the factors that give rise to wicked problems: interaction, heterogeneity, feedback, neighbourhood effects, and collective interest traps. This affinity allows complex systems tools to engage wicked problems more explicitly and identify local or distributed interventions. This strategy aligns more closely with the nature of urban crises and social problems than the post-war scientific methodologies about which Rittel and Webber had grown increasingly sceptical. Despite this potential, planners have only belatedly and hesitantly engaged in complex systems analysis. The barriers are both methodological and theoretical, requiring creative, iterative problem framing. Complex systems thinking cannot “solve” or “tame” wicked problems. Instead, complex systems first characterize the nature of the wicked problems and explore plausible pathways that cannot always be anticipated and visualized without simulations. The intersection of wicked problems and complex systems presents a fertile domain to rethink our understanding of persistent social and environmental problems, to mediate the manifold conflicts over land and natural resources, and thus to restructure our planning approaches to such problems.
DOI：
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发表时间：
1999
期刊：
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影响因子：
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作者：
Nigel Gi lbert;K. G. Troitzsch
通讯作者：
Nigel Gi lbert;K. G. Troitzsch