The leading eight: Social norms that can maintain cooperation by indirect reciprocity
The leading eight: Social norms that can maintain cooperation by indirect reciprocity
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.08.008
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发表时间：
2006-04-21
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Iwasa, Y
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ohtsuki, H;Iwasa, Y
间接互惠理论解释了不相关个体之间合作的演变，参与一次性互动。通过声望，玩家可以获得哪些人值得合作，哪些人不值得合作的信息。在以前的论文中，我们正式的声誉动态，规则分配一个二元声誉（好或坏），每个球员时，他的行动，他的当前声誉，对手的声誉。然后，我们研究了所有可能的声誉动态，并发现，只有八个声誉动态命名为“领先的八个”，可以保持ESS与高水平的合作，即使错误包括在执行预期的合作和向公众报告的观察。在本文中，我们研究这些成功的社会规范的性质。首先，我们描述了所有八个主要因素共同的声誉动态的每个支点的作用。我们得出的结论是，成功的关键是间接互惠是好的（维持合作之间），报复（检测叛逃者，惩罚，惩罚的理由），道歉，原谅。第二，我们证明了两个基本属性的领先的八个，这给定量评估的ESS条件和水平的合作保持在ESS。（c）2005年爱思唯尔有限公司保留所有权利。
The theory of indirect reciprocation explains the evolution of cooperation among unrelated individuals, engaging in one-shot interaction. Using reputation, a player acquires information on who are worth cooperating and who are not. In a previous paper, we formalized the reputation dynamics, a rule to assign a binary reputation (good or bad) to each player when his action, his current reputation, and the opponent's reputation are given. We then examined all the possible reputation dynamics, and found that there exist only eight reputation dynamics named "leading eight" that can maintain the ESS with a high level of cooperation, even if errors are included in executing intended cooperation and in reporting the observation to the public. In this paper, we study the nature of these successful social norms. First, we characterize the role of each pivot of the reputation dynamics common to all of the leading eight. We conclude that keys to the success in indirect reciprocity are to be nice (maintenance of cooperation among themselves), retaliatory (detection of defectors, punishment, and justification of punishment), apologetic, and forgiving. Second, we prove the two basic properties of the leading eight, which give a quantitative evaluation of the ESS condition and the level of cooperation maintained at the ESS. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.