Playing Chess Unconsciously
Playing Chess Unconsciously
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DOI：
10.1037/a0014499
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发表时间：
2009-01-01
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Hoffmann, Joachim
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Kiesel, Andrea;Kunde, Wilfried;Hoffmann, Joachim
在某个刺激领域的专业知识可以增强感知能力。在这篇文章中，作者调查了专业知识是否能改善知觉处理，使复杂的视觉刺激无意识地偏向行为。国际象棋专家判断目标国际象棋配置是否需要检查配置。这些显示之前是掩蔽的主要配置，表示检查或非检查配置。国际象棋专家，但不是新手棋手，揭示了一个阈下反应启动效应，也就是说，更快的反应时，总理和目标显示一致（都检查或都nonchecking），而不是不一致。启动推广到显示器，没有被用作目标，排除简单的重复启动效应。因此，国际象棋专家能够判断无意识地提出的国际象棋配置作为检查或非检查。第二个实验表明，专家启动不发生简单但不常见的国际象棋配置。作者的结论是，长期的练习促进了对具有综合形位连词的国际象棋布局的视觉记忆的获得。这些感知块使复杂的视觉处理意识之外。
Expertise in a certain stimulus domain enhances perceptual capabilities. In the present article, the authors investigate whether expertise improves perceptual processing to an extent that allows complex visual stimuli to bias behavior unconsciously. Expert chess players judged whether a target chess configuration entailed a checking configuration. These displays were preceded by masked prime configurations that either represented a checking or a nonchecking configuration. Chess experts, but not novice chess players, revealed a subliminal response priming effect, that is, faster responding when prime and target displays were congruent (both checking or both nonchecking) rather than incongruent. Priming generalized to displays that-were not used as targets, ruling out simple repetition priming effects. Thus, chess experts were able to judge unconsciously presented chess configurations as checking or nonchecking. A 2nd experiment demonstrated that experts' priming does not occur for simpler but uncommon chess configurations. The authors conclude that long-term practice prompts the acquisition of visual memories of chess configurations with integrated form-location conjunctions. These perceptual chunks enable complex visual processing outside of conscious awareness.