Rerandomization and regression adjustment

Rerandomization and regression adjustment
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重新随机化和回归调整

DOI:
10.1111/rssb.12353
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发表时间:
2020
期刊:
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Ding, Peng
Ding, Peng
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Li, Xinran;Ding, Peng

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随机化是治疗效果统计推断的基础,无需对结局产生过程进行强有力的假设。适当地使用协变量进一步产生更精确的估计随机实验。R. A. Fisher建议在设计阶段对离散协变量进行区组,或在分析阶段进行协方差分析。我们可以在更广泛的实验设计中嵌入区组,称为重新随机化,并将经典的协方差分析扩展到更一般的回归调整。在设计阶段,重新随机化胜过完全随机化,在分析阶段,回归调整胜过简单的均值差估计。然后,直观地使用重新随机化和回归调整。在随机化推理框架下,我们建立了一个统一的理论,允许设计者和分析者访问不同的协变量集。我们发现,渐近地,对于任何给定的估计与回归调整,重新随机化从来没有伤害无论是抽样精度或估计精度,并且,对于任何给定的设计与或不重新随机化,我们的回归调整估计从来没有伤害估计精度。因此,结合重新随机化和回归调整产生更好的覆盖特性,从而改善统计推断。为了从理论上量化这些陈述,我们讨论了最优回归调整估计的采样精度和估计精度,然后测量设计者和分析者的额外收益。最后,我们建议在设计中使用重新随机化,在分析中使用回归调整,然后使用Huber-White稳健标准误。
Randomization is a basis for the statistical inference of treatment effects without strong assumptions on the outcome-generating process. Appropriately using covariates further yields more precise estimators in randomized experiments. R. A. Fisher suggested blocking on discrete covariates in the design stage or conducting analysis of covariance in the analysis stage. We can embed blocking in a wider class of experimental design called rerandomization, and extend the classical analysis of covariance to more general regression adjustment. Rerandomization trumps complete randomization in the design stage, and regression adjustment trumps the simple difference-in-means estimator in the analysis stage. It is then intuitive to use both rerandomization and regression adjustment. Under the randomization inference framework, we establish a unified theory allowing the designer and analyser to have access to different sets of covariates. We find that asymptotically, for any given estimator with or without regression adjustment, rerandomization never hurts either the sampling precision or the estimated precision, and, for any given design with or without rerandomization, our regression-adjusted estimator never hurts the estimated precision. Therefore, combining rerandomization and regression adjustment yields better coverage properties and thus improves statistical inference. To quantify these statements theoretically, we discuss optimal regression-adjusted estimators in terms of the sampling precision and the estimated precision, and then measure the additional gains of the designer and the analyser. We finally suggest the use of rerandomization in the design and regression adjustment in the analysis followed by the Huber–White robust standard error.
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