Distinct neuropsychological processes may mediate decision-making under uncertainty with known and unknown probability in gain and loss frames
Distinct neuropsychological processes may mediate decision-making under uncertainty with known and unknown probability in gain and loss frames
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DOI：
10.1016/j.mehy.2006.02.014
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发表时间：
2006-01-01
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Takahashi, Taiki
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Inukai, Keigo;Takahashi, Taiki
精神病学、经济心理学和神经经济学都对不确定性下的决策进行了研究。精神病人（如吸毒成瘾者）通常对潜在危险表现出较低程度的厌恶。研究不确定性下决策的神经心理过程对神经精神疾病的医学治疗具有重要意义。在经济决策理论中，有已知结果概率和没有已知结果概率的不确定性选择被区分开来。对于概率（风险）已知的不确定性下的决策，Kahnemann-Tversky的前景理论揭示，人们倾向于避免潜在收益中的不确定性（即收益框架中的风险规避）；相反，更喜欢潜在损失的不确定性（即在损失框架中寻求风险）。关于在已知概率和未知概率的可能收益之间的选择，Ellsberg证明，在收益框架中，人们倾向于避免未知概率的不确定性，而不是已知概率的不确定性。这可以通过收益框架中的风险/不确定性厌恶来解释，这表明具有已知和未知概率的不确定性（即分别为风险和奈特不确定性）可能通过收益框架中的类似神经心理加工来处理。然而，尽管在神经影像学和神经经济学研究中积累了越来越多的证据，但仍不清楚丢失帧中的概率和奈特不确定性是否也由类似的神经心理过程介导。基于神经经济学的最新发现和我们的实验，我们提出不同的神经心理过程可能介导已知和未知概率的潜在损失。研究对象的奈特不确定性厌恶程度对预测/治疗吸毒成瘾者的危险行为（如共用针头）的重要性也进行了讨论。(c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd.版权所有。
Decision-making under uncertainty has been studied in psychiatry, economic psychology, and neuroeconomics. Psychiatric patients (e.g., drug addicts) often show low degrees of aversion to potential danger. Investigation into neuropsychological processing underlying decision under uncertainty is important for medical treatments of neuropsychiatric disorders. In economic decision theory, choices under uncertainty with and without known probabilities of outcomes have been discriminated. Regarding decision-making under uncertainty with known probabilities (risk), Kahnemann-Tversky's prospect theory revealed that people tend to avoid uncertainty in potential gains (i.e., risk-aversion in a gain-frame); on the contrary, prefer uncertainty in potential losses (i.e., risk-seeking in a loss-frame). Regarding choices between possible gains with known and unknown probabilities, Ellsberg demonstrated that, in a gain-frame, people tend to avoid uncertainty with unknown probabilities, more dramatically than uncertainty with known probabilities. This can be explained by risk/uncertainty aversion in the gain-frame, suggesting that uncertainty with known and unknown probabilities (i.e., risk and Knightian uncertainty, respectively) may possibly be processed by similar neuropsychological processing in the gain-frame. However, in spite of accumulating evidence in neuroimaging and neuroeconomic studies, it is still unknown whether probability and Knightian uncertainty in the loss-frame are mediated by similar neuropsychological processes as well. We propose that distinct neuropsychological processes may mediate potential losses with known and unknown probabilities, based on recent findings in neuroeconomics and our experiment. Importance of examining subjects' degree of Knightian uncertainty aversion for the prediction/treatment of drug addicts' risky behavior (e.g., needle-sharing) is also discussed. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.