The tissue, cellular, and molecular regulation of orthodontic tooth movement: 100 years after Carl Sandstedt.
The tissue, cellular, and molecular regulation of orthodontic tooth movement: 100 years after Carl Sandstedt.
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DOI：
10.1093/ejo/cjl001
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发表时间：
2005-10
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
M. Meikle
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Meikle
Sandstedt 于 1904-1905 年发表了第一个关于正畸牙齿移动的实验研究。 100 年后，人们对组织和细胞水平上的事件顺序有了很好的了解，现在研究的重点是分子水平。用于检测感兴趣的 mRNA 的逆转录聚合酶链反应和原位杂交技术已经彻底改变了牙齿移动研究，并且针对人类和动物蛋白的抗体和酶联免疫吸附测定的不断扩大将有助于它们在组织切片和/或培养上清液中的识别。然而，尽管这项技术极大地简化了临床和实验室研究人员的研究，但信息并不总是转化为蛋白质，并且蛋白质的存在并不一定意味着它具有生物活性。体内和体外方法已广泛应用于牙齿移动研究。然而，可以仔细控制机械刺激（张力与压缩；间歇与连续）的体外模型数据应与动物模型的体内数据相关。目前的证据表明，在将细胞外基质与细胞骨架连接起来的粘着斑处的初始机械转导事件的下游，机械诱导的重塑是由复杂的反馈机制介导的，该反馈机制涉及成骨细胞和/或成纤维细胞谱系的细胞合成细胞因子，例如白细胞介素-1 (IL-1)、IL-6和核因子k B配体的受体激活剂。这些反过来以自分泌/旁分泌方式调节转录因子、细胞因子、生长因子、酶和结构分子的表达，这些分子参与间充质和其他细胞类型的分化、增殖和功能。与从文献中获得的印象相反，牙齿移动并不局限于牙周膜内的活动。正畸牙齿移动涉及两个相互关联的过程：（1）牙槽骨的偏转或弯曲和（2）牙周组织的重塑。
The first experimental investigation of orthodontic tooth movement was published by Sandstedt in 1904-1905. After 100 years, there is a good understanding of the sequence of events at both tissue and cellular levels and now the current focus of research is at the molecular level. The techniques of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization to detect mRNAs of interest have revolutionized tooth movement studies and an expanding list of antibodies and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays directed against human and animal proteins will facilitate their identification in tissue sections and/or culture supernatants. Nevertheless, although this technology has greatly simplified research for the clinical and laboratory investigator, message is not always translated into protein, and the presence of a protein does not necessarily mean it is biologically active. In vivo and in vitro methods have been widely used in tooth movement studies. However, data from in vitro models, in which the mechanical stimulus can be carefully controlled (tension versus compression; intermittent versus continuous), should be correlated with in vivo data from animal models. The current evidence suggests that downstream from the initial mechanotransduction event at focal adhesions which link the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton, mechanically induced remodelling is mediated by a complex feedback mechanism involving the synthesis of cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and receptor activator of nuclear factor k B ligand by cells of the osteoblast and/or fibroblast lineages. These in turn act in an autocrine/paracrine fashion to regulate the expression of transcription factors, cytokines, growth factors, enzymes, and structural molecules involved in the differentiation, proliferation, and function of mesenchymal and other cell types. Contrary to the impression gained from the literature, tooth movement is not confined to events within the periodontal ligament. Orthodontic tooth movement involves two interrelated processes: (1) deflection or bending of the alveolar bone and (2) remodelling of the periodontal tissues.