Superhydrophobic hierarchically structured surfaces in biology: evolution, structural principles and biomimetic applications
Superhydrophobic hierarchically structured surfaces in biology: evolution, structural principles and biomimetic applications
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DOI：
10.1098/rsta.2016.0191
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发表时间：
2016-08-06
期刊：
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Neinhuis, C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Barthlott, W.;Mail, M.;Neinhuis, C.
基于我们自己对近2万个不同物种和现有文献的扫描电镜检查，提供了植物、动物和其他生物中超疏水表面的结构原理和发生情况的全面调查。描述了自清洁（莲花效应）、流体减阻（萨尔维尼效应）和引入新功能（空气层作为感觉系统）等特性，并讨论了仿生应用：建立了自清洁，减阻变得越来越重要，并引入了新的空气保留网格技术。令人惊讶的是，没有证据表明在非生物表面存在持久的超疏水性（除了技术材料）。系统发育树表明，超疏水性是大约4.5亿年前人类征服陆地的结果，可能是陆地生命进化过程中的一个关键创新。现存的大约1000万个物种表现出惊人的材料和结构的多样性，其中许多是由自组装形成的，并且完全基于有限数量的分子。一个简短的历史调查表明，仿生学（今天通常被称为仿生学）可以追溯到100多年前。统计数据表明，对仿生表面的兴趣要年轻得多。在1997年发表了荷叶的极端超疏水性之后，超疏水性才引起了科学家的注意。遗憾的是，异类产品在市场营销中扮演着越来越重要的角色。这篇文章是主题问题“绿色科学的生物启发层次结构表面”的一部分。
A comprehensive survey of the construction principles and occurrences of superhydrophobic surfaces in plants, animals and other organisms is provided and is based on our own scanning electron microscopic examinations of almost 20 000 different species and the existing literature. Properties such as self-cleaning (lotus effect), fluid drag reduction (Salvinia effect) and the introduction of new functions (air layers as sensory systems) are described and biomimetic applications are discussed: self-cleaning is established, drag reduction becomes increasingly important, and novel air-retaining grid technology is introduced. Surprisingly, no evidence for lasting superhydrophobicity in non-biological surfaces exists (except technical materials). Phylogenetic trees indicate that superhydrophobicity evolved as a consequence of the conquest of land about 450 million years ago and may be a key innovation in the evolution of terrestrial life. The approximate 10 million extant species exhibit a stunning diversity of materials and structures, many of which are formed by self-assembly, and are solely based on a limited number of molecules. A short historical survey shows that bionics (today often called biomimetics) dates back more than 100 years. Statistical data illustrate that the interest in biomimetic surfaces is much younger still. Superhydrophobicity caught the attention of scientists only after the extreme superhydrophobicity of lotus leaves was published in 1997. Regrettably, parabionic products play an increasing role in marketing.This article is part of the themed issue 'Bioinspired hierarchically structured surfaces for green science'.