Morphological and biological effects of maternal exposure to tobacco smoke on the feto-placental unit
Morphological and biological effects of maternal exposure to tobacco smoke on the feto-placental unit
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DOI：
10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2007.07.016
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发表时间：
2007-11-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Burton, Graham J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jauniaux, Eric;Burton, Graham J.
母亲主动和被动吸烟对人类怀孕的每个三个月都有破坏性影响。香烟烟雾中含有大量毒素，对胎盘和胎儿细胞增殖和分化有直接影响，并且可以解释流行病学研究报告的流产、胎儿生长受限（FGR）死产、早产和胎盘早剥风险增加的原因。在胎盘中，吸烟从怀孕早期就与滋养细胞基底膜增厚、绒毛间质胶原含量增加和血管化减少有关。这些解剖学变化与胎盘酶促和合成功能的变化有关。特别是，尼古丁会抑制人胎盘对活性氨基酸（AA）的吸收。绒毛和滋养层的侵袭以及镉会降低 2 型 11β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶的表达和活性，这与 FGR 存在因果关系。母亲吸烟还会调节滋养层分子的表达，这些分子控制细胞对氧张力的反应。在胎儿中，吸烟与体重、脂肪量和大多数人体测量参数的减少有关，并且与胎盘中的蛋白质代谢和酶活性的改变有关。这些改变是对胎儿细胞的直接毒性作用或通过胎盘损伤和/或功能紊乱而产生的间接影响的结果。特别是，吸烟会强烈干扰胎儿大脑和胰腺的生物学参数，并诱发染色体不稳定，这与癌症，尤其是儿童恶性肿瘤风险的增加有关。 (C) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. 保留所有权利。
Active and passive maternal smoking has a damaging effect in every trimester of human pregnancy. Cigarette smoke contains scores of toxins which exert a direct effect on the placental and fetal cell proliferation and differentiation and can explain the increased risk of miscarriage, fetal growth restriction (FGR) stillbirth, preterm birth and placental abruption reported by epidemiological studies. In the placenta, smoking is associated from early in pregnancy, with a thickening of the trophobtastic basement membrane, an increase in collagen content of the villous mesenchyme and a decrease in vascularisation. These anatomical changes are associated with changes in placental enzymatic and synthetic functions. In particular, nicotine depresses active amino-acid (AA) uptake by human placental. villi and trophoblast invasion and cadmium decreases the expression and activity of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 which is causally linked to FGR. Maternal smoking also dysregulates trophoblast expression of molecules that govern cellular responses to oxygen tension. In the fetus, smoking is associated with a reduction of weight, fat mass and most anthropometric parameters and as in the placenta with alterations in protein metabolism and enzyme activity. These alterations are the results of a direct toxic effect on the fetal cells or an indirect effect through damage to, and/or functional disturbances of the placenta. In particular, smoking interferes strongly with the fetal brain and pancreas biological parameters and induces chromosomal instability, which is associated with an increase in the risk of cancer, especially childhood malignancies. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.