HIV-1 Evolution and Disease Progression

HIV-1 Evolution and Disease Progression
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DOI:
10.1126/science.274.5289.1008
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发表时间:
1996-11
期刊:
影响因子:
56.9
通讯作者:
M. Nowak;R. Anderson;M. Boerlijst;S. Bonhoeffer;R. May;A. McMichael;Steven Wolinsky;K. Kunstman;J. Safrit;R. Koup;A. Neumann;B. Korber
M. Nowak;R. Anderson;M. Boerlijst;S. Bonhoeffer;R. May;A. McMichael;Steven Wolinsky;K. Kunstman;J. Safrit;R. Koup;A. Neumann;B. Korber
中科院分区:
综合性期刊1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
M. Nowak;R. Anderson;M. Boerlijst;S. Bonhoeffer;R. May;A. McMichael;Steven Wolinsky;K. Kunstman;J. Safrit;R. Koup;A. Neumann;B. Korber

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(1992年);K.中井和H.坂本,《基因》141卷,171页(1994年)。3. R.帕克和P.G.西里西亚诺,《自然》361卷,660页(1993年);G.尚弗罗、P.勒格兰、B.迪容、A.雅基耶,《核酸研究》22卷,1981页(1994年);A.迪尔德丽、J.斯卡登、C.W.史密斯,《欧洲分子生物学组织杂志》14卷,3236页(1995年)。4. I.J.杰克逊,《核酸研究》19卷,3795页(1991年)。5. S.L.霍尔和R.A.帕吉特,《分子生物学杂志》139卷,357页(1994年)。6. I.基斯等人,《生物化学杂志》264卷,8126页(1989年);R.N.詹金斯等人,同上,265卷,19624页(1990年);R.G.拉尔森等人,《癌症通讯》2卷,63页(1990年);A.I.麦克拉奇等人,《人类分子遗传学》1卷,521页(1992年);A.L.小乔治、G.S.伊耶、R.克莱因菲尔德、R.G.卡伦、R.L.巴尔奇,《基因组学》15卷,598页(1993年);T.大岛等人,同上,28卷,585页(1995年);O.王、Z.李、J.沈、M.T.基廷,同上,34卷,9页(1996年)。7. 已发表的人类CACNL1A1基因第2内含子的5′剪接位点序列,即成纤维细胞电压门控L型钙通道的序列,与AT - AC共有序列精确匹配,而另外两个钙通道CACNL1A2和CACNL1A3所报道的序列在相应的5′剪接位点处为GTATCC(而非ATATCC);然而,据报道这三个钙通道内含子都以常规的AG 3′剪接位点结尾[N.M.索尔达托夫,《基因组学》22卷,77页(1994年);Y.山田等人,同上,27卷,312页(1995年);K.霍根、R.G.格雷格、P.A.鲍尔斯,同上,31卷,392页(1996年)]。钠通道和钙通道被认为源自一个共同的祖先基因:它们在核苷酸和氨基酸序列上有相当大的同源性,并且这个异常的内含子在所有五个基因的编码序列的同源位置中断。除非一些所报道的序列存在错误,否则确定钙通道转录本是通过主要途径、AT - AC途径还是混合途径进行加工将会是很有趣的。8. 人类SCN4A基因的一部分通过聚合酶链反应从人类全基因组DNA(Promega公司)中扩增得到,使用的引物包含限制酶切位点并与外显子2和3匹配,以产生一个包含第886到1229位核苷酸的片段(编号依据GenBank登录号L04216)。这个片段用Hind III和Xba I酶切,并亚克隆到pSP64(Promega公司)的相应位点,以产生pSP64 - SCN4A质粒。为了构建pSP64 - SCN4AM,使用一个包含突变和一个Eco RI位点的不同下游聚合酶链反应引物从克隆的野生型模板扩增一个突变片段,然后将其作为Hind III - Eco RI片段亚克隆到pSP64中。所有构建体都通过序列分析得到确认。pSP64 - SCN4A和pSP64 - SCN4AM分别用Xba I或Eco RI线性化,用作SP6 RNA聚合酶体外转录的模板。转录本在两端包含短的延伸序列,来源于载体。9. 核提取物的制备以及体外转录和β - 珠蛋白剪接的条件如[ A.梅耶达和A.R.克雷纳,《细胞》68卷,365页(1992年)]中所述。通过改变单个参数对SCN4A体外剪接反应进行了优化。SCN4A剪接的最佳条件是60%(体积/体积)的核提取物[最终浓度为12%(体积/体积)甘油、12 mM Hepes - K⁺(pH 8.0)、60 mM KCl、0.6 mM二硫苏糖醇和0.3 mM EDTA]加上额外的32 mM Hepes - K⁺(pH 7.3)、3.5 mM MgCl₂、0.5 mM ATP、20 mM磷酸肌酸、2.6%(重量/体积)聚乙烯醇和1.6 nM SCN4A前体mRNA,在30℃下孵育6小时。当省略ATP或MgCl₂时,检测不到剪接。回收RNA并在4.5%变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶上进行分析,随后进行放射自显影。剪接效率,定义为mRNA /(前体mRNA + mRNA)的摩尔比,通过磷光成像分析(Fujix,BAS2000)进行估计。10. Q.吴和A.R.克雷纳,未展示数据。11. 为了对剪接连接处的真实和隐蔽剪接mRNA进行测序,我们用外显子2和外显子3引物(TCATCGTACTCAACAAGG和TACTCCACATTCTTGGAC)通过逆转录聚合酶链反应扩增每种经凝胶纯化的RNA。扩增片段亚克隆到PCR2.1(Invitrogen公司)中,并用T7测序酶2.0(USB公司)进行测序。12. P.J.格拉博夫斯基、R.A.帕吉特、P.A.夏普,《细胞》37卷,415页(1984年);B.拉斯金、A.R.克雷纳、T.马尼亚蒂斯、M.R.格林,同上,38卷,317页(1984年)。13. W - Y.谭和J.A.施泰茨,同上,84卷,801页(1996年)。14. A.克莱默、W.凯勒、B.阿佩尔、R.吕尔曼,同上,38卷,299页(1984年);A.R.克雷纳和T.马尼亚蒂斯,同上,42卷,725页(1985年);D.L.布莱克、B.沙博、J.A.施泰茨,同上,第737页;S.M.伯格特和B.L.罗伯逊,同上,46卷,691页(1986年);D.L.布莱克和J.A.施泰茨,同上,第697页。15. 对于核糖核酸酶H抑制实验,核提取物在剪接条件下,在有或没有适当寡核苷酸存在的情况下预孵育15分钟。寡核苷酸与U1 snRNA的第2到11位、U2 snRNA的第1到15位或U12 snRNA的第11到24位互补。snRNA的切割由内源性核糖核酸酶H催化(14),外源性核糖核酸酶H没有额外的作用(10)。所有snRNA切割和剪接抑制实验都至少进行了三次,结果可重复。16. S.J.巴塞尔加和J.A.施泰茨,《RNA世界》,R.F.格斯泰兰德和J.F.阿特金斯编(冷泉港出版社,冷泉港,纽约,1993年),第359 - 381页;D.A.瓦萨尔曼和J.A.施泰茨,《分子细胞生物学》11卷,3432页(1991年)。17. S.L.霍尔和R.A.帕吉特,《科学》271卷,1716页(1996年)。18. K.A.蒙茨卡和J.A.施泰茨,《美国国家科学院院刊》85卷,8885页(1988年);D.L.布莱克和A.L.平托,《分子细胞生物学》9卷,3350页(1989年)。19. K.M.沃瑟曼和J.A.施泰茨,《分子细胞生物学》12卷,1276页(1992年)。20. R.R.贡塔雷克、M.T.麦克纳利、K.比蒙,《基因与发育》7卷,1926页(1993年)。21. G.P.舒米亚茨基、S.V.蒂利布、D.A.克莱默夫,《核酸研究》18卷,6347页(1990年)。22. Y.庄和A.M.韦纳,《细胞》46卷,827页(1986年);P.G.西里西亚诺和C.格思里,《基因与发育》2卷,1258页 请注意,由于专业术语较多,部分翻译可能需要根据具体学科背景进行微调。如果您还有其他疑问,请随时问我。
(1992); K. Nakai and H. Sakamoto, Gene 141, 171 (1994). 3. R. Parker and P. G. Siliciano, Nature 361, 660 (1993); G. Chanfreau, P. Legrain, B. Dujon, A. Jacquier, Nucleic Acids Res. 22, 1981 (1994); A. Deirdre, J. Scadden, C. W. Smith, EMBO J. 14, 3236 (1995). 4. I. J. Jackson, Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 3795 (1991). 5. S. L. Hall and R. A. Padgett, J. Mol. Biol. 139, 357 (1994). 6. I. Kiss et al., J. Biol. Chem. 264, 8126 (1989); R. N. Jenkins et al., ibid. 265, 19624 (1990); R. G. Larson et al., Cancer Commun. 2, 63 (1990); A. I. McClatchey et al., Hum. Mol. Genet. 1, 521 (1992); A. L. George Jr., G. S. lyer, R. Kleinfield, R.G. Kallen, R. L. Barchi, Genomics 15, 598 (1993); T. Ohshima et al., ibid. 28, 585 (1995); 0. Wang, Z. Li, J. Shen, M. T. Keating, ibid. 34, 9 (1996). 7. The published 5' splice site sequence of intron 2 of human CACNL1 Al, the fibroblast voltage-gated Ltype calcium channel, precisely matches the AT-AC consensus, whereas the reported sequences of two other calcium channels, CACNL1 A2 and CACNL1 A3, have GTATCC (rather than ATATCC) at the corresponding 5' splice site; however, all three calcium channel introns reportedly end with the conventional AG 3' splice site [N. M. Soldatov, Genomics 22, 77 (1994); Y. Yamada et al., ibid. 27, 312 (1995); K. Hogan, R. G. Gregg, P. A. Powers, ibid. 31, 392 (1996)]. The sodium and calcium channels are thought to derive from a common ancestral gene: they have considerable nucleotide and amino acid sequence homology, and the unusual intron interrupts a homologous position of the coding sequence in all five genes. Unless there are errors in some of the reported sequences, it will be interesting to determine whether the calcium channel transcripts are processed via the major pathway, the AT-AC pathway, or a hybrid pathway. 8. A portion of the human SCN4A gene was amplified by PCR from human total genomic DNA (Promega) with primers containing restriction sites and matching exons 2 and 3, to generate a fragment comprising nt 886 to 1229 (numbering according to GenBank accession number L04216). This fragment was digested with Hind IlIl and Xba and subcloned into the corresponding sites of pSP64 (Promega) to generate the pSP64-SCN4A plasmid. For construction of pSP64-SCN4AM, a different downstream PCR primer containing the mutations and an Eco RI site was used to amplify a mutant fragment from the cloned wild-type template, which was then subcloned as a Hind III-Eco RI fragment in pSP64. All constructs were confirmed by sequence analysis. pSP64-SCN4A and pSP64-SCN4AM were linearized with Xba or Eco RI, respectively, for use as templates for in vitro transcription with SP6 RNA polymerase. The transcripts contain short extensions at both ends, derived from the vector. 9. Nuclear extract preparation and conditions for in vitro transcription and for 3-globin splicing were as described [A. Mayeda and A. R. Krainer, Cell 68, 365 (1992)]. The SCN4A in vitro splicing reaction was optimized by varying individual parameters. The optimum condition for SCN4A splicing was 60% (v/v) nuclear extract [giving final concentrations of 12% (v/v) glycerol, 12 mM Hepes-K+ (pH 8.0), 60 mM KCI, 0.6 mM dithiothreitol, and 0.3 mM EDTA[ plus an additional 32 mM Hepes-K+ (pH 7.3), 3.5 mM MgCI2, 0.5 mM ATP, 20 mM creatine phosphate, 2.6% (w/v) polyvinyl alcohol, and 1.6 nM SCN4A pre-mRNA, incubated at 300C for 6 hours. No splicing was detectable when ATP or MgCI2 was omitted. RNA was recovered and analyzed on 4.5% denaturing polyacrylamide gels, followed by autoradiography. Splicing efficiency, defined as the molar ratio mRNA/(pre-mRNA + mRNA), was estimated by phosphor image analysis (Fujix, BAS2000). 10. Q. Wu and A. R. Krainer, data not shown. 11. To sequence the authentic and cryptic spliced mRNAs across the spliced junctions, we amplified each gel-purified RNA by RT-PCR with exon 2 and exon 3 primers (TCATCGTACTCAACAAGG and TACTCCACATTCTTGGAC). The amplified fragment, subcloned into PCR2.1 (Invitrogen), was sequenced with T7 Sequenase 2.0 (USB). 12. P. J. Grabowski, R. A. Padgett, P. A. Sharp, Cell 37, 415 (1984); B. Ruskin, A. R. Krainer, T. Maniatis, M. R. Green, ibid. 38, 317 (1984). 13. W.-Y. Tarn and J. A. Steitz, ibid. 84, 801 (1996). 14. A. Kramer, W. Keller, B. Appel, R. Luhrmann, ibid. 38, 299 (1984); A. R. Krainer and T. Maniatis, ibid. 42, 725 (1985); D. L. Black, B. Chabot, J. A. Steitz, ibid., p. 737; S. M. Berget and B. L. Robberson, ibid. 46, 691 (1986); D. L. Black and J. A. Steitz, ibid., p. 697. 15. For RNase H inhibition experiments, the nuclear extract was preincubated for 15 min under splicing conditions in the presence or absence of the appropriate oligonucleotides. The oligonucleotides were complementary to Ul snRNA position 2 to 11, U2 snRNA position 1 to 15, or U12 snRNA position 1 1 to 24. snRNA cleavage is catalyzed by the endogenous RNase H (14), and exogenous RNase H had no additional effect (10). All snRNA cleavage and splicing inhibition experiments were carried out at least three times, with reproducible results. 16. S. J. Baserga and J. A. Steitz, in The RNA World, R. F. Gesteland and J. F. Atkins, Eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1993), pp. 359-381; D. A. Wassarman and J. A. Steitz, Mol. Cell. Biol. 11, 3432 (1991). 17. S. L. Hall and R. A. Padgett, Science 271, 1716 (1996). 18. K. A. Montzka and J. A. Steitz, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 8885 (1988); D. L. Black and A. L. Pinto, Mol. Cell. Biol. 9, 3350 (1989). 19. K. M. Wasserman and J. A. Steitz, Mol. Cell. Biol. 12, 1276 (1992). 20. R. R. Gontarek, M. T. McNally, K. Beemon, Genes Dev. 7,1926 (1993). 21. G. P. Shumyatsky, S. V. Tillib, D. A. Kramerov, Nucleic Acids Res. 18, 6347 (1990). 22. Y. Zhuang and A. M. Weiner, Cell 46, 827 (1986); P. G. Siliciano and C. Guthrie, Genes Dev. 2, 1258