Voluntary settlement and the spirit of independence: Evidence from Japan's "northern frontier"
Voluntary settlement and the spirit of independence: Evidence from Japan's "northern frontier"
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DOI：
10.1037/0022-3514.91.3.369
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发表时间：
2006-09-01
影响因子：
7.6
通讯作者：
Ramaswamy, J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kitayama, Shinobu;Ishii, K.;Ramaswamy, J.
作者假设，出于经济动机在边境自愿定居会促进独立机构的发展。在阐明美国个人主义的历史起源的同时，这一假设可以在一个植根于更广泛的相互依存文化中、但又经历了这种解决的近期历史的地区得到最有力的检验。因此，作者对日本北部岛屿（北海道）的居民进行了检查。从 1870 年代开始及其后的几十年里，北海道被日本人广泛定居。现在北海道的许多居民都是这一时期最初定居者的后裔。正如预测的那样，在北海道社交和/或沉浸的日本人几乎与北美的欧洲裔美国人一样将幸福与个人成就联系起来（研究 1），表现出个人失调效应，其中自我辩护是由对个人自我形象的威胁所激发的（研究 2），并在因果归因中犯下倾向偏见（研究 3）。相比之下，对于日本的非北海道居民来说，独立机构的这些标记效应基本上不存在。讨论了文化变迁和持久理论的含义。
The authors hypothesized that economically motivated voluntary settlement in the frontier fosters independent agency. While illuminating the historical origin of American individualism, this hypothesis can be most powerfully tested in a region that is embedded in a broader culture of interdependence and yet has undergone a recent history of such settlement. The authors therefore examined residents of Japan's northern island (Hokkaido). Hokkaido was extensively settled by ethnic Japanese beginning in the 1870s and for several decades thereafter. Many of the current residents of Hokkaido are the descendents of the original settlers from this period. As predicted, Japanese socialized and/or immersed in Hokkaido were nearly as likely as European Americans in North America to associate happiness with personal achievement (Study 1), to show a personal dissonance effect wherein self-justification is motivated by a threat to personal self-images (Study 2), and to commit a dispositional bias in causal attribution (Study 3). In contrast, these marker effects of independent agency were largely absent for non-Hokkaido residents in Japan. Implications for theories of cultural change and persistence are discussed.