Use of numerical symbols by the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes): Cardinals, ordinals, and the introduction of zero.
Use of numerical symbols by the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes): Cardinals, ordinals, and the introduction of zero.
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DOI：
10.1007/s100710100086
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发表时间：
2001-11-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Matsuzawa, T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Biro, D;Matsuzawa, T
一只受过阿拉伯数字1-9使用训练的成年雌性黑猩猩在三个不同的数字任务中被介绍了“零”的含义。前两项是基本任务，要求受试者选择与计算机屏幕上显示的项目数量相对应的数字（数字的生产性使用），或者将适当大小的集合与作为样本显示的数字相匹配（接受性使用）。第三个任务是解决相同符号的顺序意义，要求受试者按顺序对数字做出反应，将它们排列成一个升序。受试者在所有三个任务中掌握了对零的含义的识别。然而，她使用符号的细节表明，不同类型的任务之间的意义转移是不完整的，这表明黑猩猩没有达到人类数字能力的抽象水平。在最终观察到的高准确度的采集过程中，新引入的零似乎沿着连续数值尺度的长度向低端移动，而与1的混淆仍然是最常见的错误。因此，这种错误模式表明，艾未未对零与其他数字符号的含义的理解与“项目的存在与项目的存在”方案不一致。
An adult female chimpanzee with previous training in the use of Arabic numerals 1-9 was introduced to the meaning of "zero" in the context of three different numerical tasks. The first two were cardinal tasks where the subject was required either to select numerals corresponding to the number of items presented on a computer screen (productive use of numerals) or to match sets of the appropriate size to numerals presented as samples (receptive use). The third task addressed the ordinal meaning of the same symbols where the subject was required to respond to numerals sequentially, arranging them into an ascending series. The subject mastered the recognition of the meaning of zero in all three tasks. However, details of her usage of the symbol revealed that transfer of the meaning between different kinds of tasks was incomplete, suggesting that the level of abstraction characteristic of human numerical ability was not attained in the chimpanzee. Over the course of acquisition leading to the high levels of accuracy eventually observed, the newly introduced zero appeared to shift along the length of a continuous numerical scale toward the lower end, while confusions with 1 remained the most frequently encountered mistakes. Such patterns of error thus suggest that Ai's understanding of the meaning of zero in relation to the rest of the number symbols was not consistent with an "absence of items versus presence of items" scheme.