Gauge Invariant QED with Arbitrary Mixing of p · A and q · E Interactions
Gauge Invariant QED with Arbitrary Mixing of p · A and q · E Interactions
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任意混合 p·A 和 q·E 相互作用的规范不变 QED
DOI：
10.1080/09500349014550761
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发表时间：
1990
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
R. Loudon
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
C. Baxter;M. Babiker;R. Loudon
摘要 偶极近似中两个电荷的非相对论束缚系统的最小耦合哈密顿量被规范变换为可变规范的哈密顿量，它混合了通常的 p·A 和 q·E 相互作用，并重新缩放了电荷。各种光子跃迁过程——单光子吸收和发射；双光子散射和吸收；兰姆位移——通过微扰理论进行研究，发现其与规范无关，前提是转变发生在能量壳上。演示了特定的规范选择如何消除反向旋转项并对耦合振荡器和两能级原子的哈密顿量进行对角化。
Abstract The minimal-coupling Hamiltonian for a non-relativistic bound system of two charges in the dipole approximation is gauge transformed to a Hamiltonian of a variable gauge which mixes the usual p · A and q · E interactions, and re-scales the charges. Various photon transition processes—single photon absorption and emission; two-photon scattering and absorption; the Lamb shift—are investigated by perturbation theory and found to be gauge independent, providing the transitions occur on the energy shell. It is demonstrated how a particular choice of gauge removes the counter-rotating terms and diagonalises the Hamiltonian of a coupled oscillator and two-level atom.