Multiple Social Identities and Stereotype Threat: Imbalance, Accessibility, and Working Memory
Multiple Social Identities and Stereotype Threat: Imbalance, Accessibility, and Working Memory
复制标题
DOI：
10.1037/a0014846
复制
发表时间：
2009-05-01
影响因子：
7.6
通讯作者：
Beilock, Sian L.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Rydell, Robert J.;McConnell, Allen R.;Beilock, Sian L.
在4个实验中，作者表明，同时使积极和消极的自我相关的刻板印象在同一能力领域的表现可以消除刻板印象的威胁效应。重复过去的工作，作者证明，引入对女性数学表现的负面刻板印象激活了参与者的女性社会认同，并损害了他们的数学表现（即，刻板印象威胁）通过减少工作记忆。超越过去的工作，还表明，同时提出一个积极的自我相关的刻板印象（例如，大学生擅长数学）增加了女性大学生身份的相对可及性，抑制了她们的性别身份，消除了伴随的工作记忆缺陷和偶然的数学成绩下降。此外，在数学测试的人口统计部分提出的问题中进行微妙的操作，消除了女性在完成测试之前报告其性别所产生的刻板印象威胁效应。这项工作确定了有动机的过程中，人们的社会身份变得活跃的情况下，自我相关的刻板印象，一个污名化的群体成员和nonstigmatized群体成员。此外，它还展示了这种激活模式对工作记忆和表现的下游后果。
In 4 experiments, the authors showed that concurrently making positive and negative self-relevant stereotypes available about performance in the same ability domain can eliminate stereotype threat effects. Replicating past work, the authors demonstrated that introducing negative stereotypes about women's math performance activated participants' female social identity and hurt their math performance (i.e., stereotype threat) by reducing working memory. Moving beyond past work, it was also demonstrated that concomitantly presenting a positive self-relevant stereotype (e.g., college students are good at math) increased the relative accessibility of females' college student identity and inhibited their gender identity, eliminating attendant working memory deficits and contingent math performance decrements. Furthermore, subtle manipulations in questions presented in the demographic section of a math test eliminated stereotype threat effects that result from women reporting their gender before completing the test. This work identifies the motivated processes through which people's social identities became active in situations in which self-relevant stereotypes about a stigmatized group membership and a nonstigmatized group membership were available. In addition, it demonstrates the downstream consequences of this pattern of activation on working memory and performance.