The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in Comparative Perspective
The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in Comparative Perspective
复制标题
中东威权主义的稳健性：比较视角下的例外论
DOI：
10.2307/4150140
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发表时间：
2004
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
E. Bellin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
E. Bellin
为什么中东和北非仍然如此抗拒民主化？虽然自1972年以来，选举民主国家的数量几乎翻了一番，但该区域的数量却出现了绝对下降。虽然过去三十年来，自由之家指定的自由国家数量在美洲和亚太地区增加了一倍，在非洲增加了十倍，在中欧和东欧呈指数级增长，但中东和北非的总体情况没有改善。3 2002年的总得分与1972年相差无几。15个国家被指定为非免费，5个国家被指定为部分免费，只有一个国家被指定为免费（见表1）。虽然有几个国家，特别是摩洛哥、约旦、巴林和也门，在过去十年中在政治自由化方面取得了显著进展，但总体而言，绝大多数国家都未能赶上席卷世界几乎所有其他地区的民主化浪潮。
Why have the Middle East and North Africa remained so singularly resistant to democratization? While the number of electoral democracies has nearly doubled since 1972, the number in this region has registered an absolute decline.1 Today, only two out of twenty-one countries qualify as electoral democracies, down from three observed in 1972.2 Stagnation is also evident in the guarantee of political rights and civil liberties. While the number of countries designated free by Freedom House has doubled in the Americas and in the Asia-Pacific region, increased tenfold in Africa, and risen exponentially in Central and East Europe over the past thirty years, there has been no overall improvement in the Middle East and North Africa.3 Aggregate scores in 2002 differ little from 1972. Fifteen countries are designated not free, five partly free, and only one free (see Table 1). While a few countries, notably Morocco, Jordan, Bahrain, and Yemen, have registered noteworthy progress toward political liberalization in the past decade, overall the vast majority of countries has failed to catch the wave of democratization that has swept nearly every other part of the world.