8.4.2 Error Cost Escalation Through the Project Life Cycle
8.4.2 Error Cost Escalation Through the Project Life Cycle
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8.4.2 整个项目生命周期中的错误成本不断上升
DOI：
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发表时间：
2004
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Dabney
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
B. Haskins;J. Stecklein;Brandon N. Dick;G. Moroney;Randy Lovell;J. Dabney
随着系统变得越来越复杂，识别和纠正需求错误的成本可能会占用项目预算的很大一部分。一般来说，与错误相关的成本有两类：识别成本和纠正成本。本文讨论了第二类的一个重要元素——随着项目的进展纠错成本的行为。它基于一项研究，使用三种方法来确定相对成本：自下而上的成本方法、总成本分解方法和自上而下的假设项目方法。本文中描述的方法和结果假定开发的硬件/软件系统具有与大型复杂航天器、军用飞机或小型通信卫星开发中使用的项目特征类似的项目特征。研究结果清楚地表明，随着项目的进展，修复成本呈指数级上升。如果修复在需求阶段发现的需求错误的成本定义为 1 个单位，那么修复在设计阶段发现的错误的成本将增加到 3-8 个单位；在制造/构建阶段，修复错误的成本为 7-16 个单位；在集成和测试阶段，修复错误的成本变为21-78个单位；在运营阶段，修复需求错误的成本从29个单位到1500多个单位不等。
As systems become more complex, the costs to identify and correct requirements errors can consume large portions of project budgets. In general, there are two categories of cost associated with errors – cost of identification and cost of correction. This paper addresses an important element of the second category – the behavior of the cost of error correction as a project progresses. It is based on a study that used three approaches to determine the relative costs: the bottom‐up cost method, the total cost breakdown method, and the top‐down hypothetical project method. The approaches and results described in this paper presume development of a hardware/software system having project characteristics similar to those used in the development of a large, complex spacecraft, a military aircraft, or a small communications satellite. The results of the study show clearly that cost‐to‐fix escalates exponentially as the project progresses. If the cost of fixing a requirements error discovered during the requirements phase is defined to be 1 unit, the cost to fix that error if found during the design phase increases to 3–8 units; at the manufacturing/build phase, the cost to fix the error is 7–16 units; at the integration and test phase, the cost to fix the error becomes 21–78 units; and at the operations phase, the cost to fix the requirements error ranged from 29 units to more than 1500 units.