Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China
Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1601465113
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发表时间：
2016-05
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Jiajing Wang;Li Liu;T. Ball;Linjie Yu;Yuanqing Li;Fulai Xing
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Jiajing Wang;Li Liu;T. Ball;Linjie Yu;Yuanqing Li;Fulai Xing
这项研究揭示了一个5,000年前的啤酒配方，其中高粱小米，大麦，约伯的眼泪，和块茎一起发酵。据我们所知，我们的数据提供了中国就地啤酒生产的最早直接证据，表明先进的啤酒酿造技术在大约5,000年前就已经建立。据我们所知，我们第一次能够通过应用最近开发的基于植硅体形态测量学的方法来确定大麦在中国考古材料中的存在，将大麦的宏观植物学遗迹提前了1,000年。我们的方法成功地区分了大麦及其近缘种的植硅体。据我们所知，米家崖遗址的陶罐揭示了中国就地酿造啤酒的第一个直接证据，这是基于淀粉、植硅体和化学残留物的分析。我们的数据揭示了一个令人惊讶的啤酒配方，其中高粱小米（Panicum miliaceum），大麦（Hordeum vulgare），薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）和块茎一起发酵。结果表明，中国人在大约5,000年前通过使用专门的工具和创造有利的发酵条件建立了先进的啤酒酿造技术。我们的研究结果表明，早期的啤酒酿造可能促使大麦最初从欧亚大陆西部转移到中国中部平原，直到3,000年后，大麦成为该地区农业生计的一部分。
Significance This research reveals a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in which broomcorn millet, barley, Job’s tears, and tubers were fermented together. To our knowledge, our data provide the earliest direct evidence of in situ beer production in China, showing that an advanced beer-brewing technique was established around 5,000 y ago. For the first time, to our knowledge, we are able to identify the presence of barley in archaeological materials from China by applying a recently developed method based on phytolith morphometrics, predating macrobotanical remains of barley by 1,000 y. Our method successfully distinguishes the phytoliths of barley from those of its relative species in China. The pottery vessels from the Mijiaya site reveal, to our knowledge, the first direct evidence of in situ beer making in China, based on the analyses of starch, phytolith, and chemical residues. Our data reveal a surprising beer recipe in which broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi), and tubers were fermented together. The results indicate that people in China established advanced beer-brewing technology by using specialized tools and creating favorable fermentation conditions around 5,000 y ago. Our findings imply that early beer making may have motivated the initial translocation of barley from the Western Eurasia into the Central Plain of China before the crop became a part of agricultural subsistence in the region 3,000 y later.