Evolution of fluvial landscapes since the late Pleistocene at the Wangchenggang site of the Ying River Basin, Central China: Implications for the development and change of prehistoric settlements
Evolution of fluvial landscapes since the late Pleistocene at the Wangchenggang site of the Ying River Basin, Central China: Implications for the development and change of prehistoric settlements
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DOI：
10.1002/gea.21933
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发表时间：
2022-09
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通讯作者：
Yinan Liao;Peng Lu;Duowen Mo;Ye Li;Junjie Xu;Yanpeng Cao;Long Ma;Yingjun Xin;Panpan Chen;Xia Wang;Chengshuangping Zhao;Peng Zhan
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作者：
Yinan Liao;Peng Lu;Duowen Mo;Ye Li;Junjie Xu;Yanpeng Cao;Long Ma;Yingjun Xin;Panpan Chen;Xia Wang;Chengshuangping Zhao;Peng Zhan
重建河流景观的演变对于我们理解早期定居点如何以及为什么在动态冲积环境中使用或放弃地点至关重要，特别是像中国中原这样的地方，至少从更新世晚期以来，冲积地貌一直占主导地位。位于颍河上游的王城港遗址被认为是传说中的大禹都城，据历史文献记载，大禹英勇地驯服了大洪水，建立了夏的第一个王朝。然而，全新世颍河冲积景观的演变及其对WCG场地长期沉降变化的影响尚不清楚。我们提出了一个详细的重建的长期景观演变和解决方案的变化在网站上，根据我们的地质考古调查的结果，并公布古气候和考古植物学数据。结果表明，该区在晚更新世经历了一次大规模的冲积作用。晚更新世末至全新世早期，颍河开始切割冲积平原，形成最古老的阶地（T3）。颍河流域全新世中、晚期经历了7.7- 5.4kaB. P.（距今）和4.5- 3.8kaB. P.两次冲积，分别每一次事件之后都有一个冲积下切，导致新的冲积阶地的形成。在历史时期，形成了最年轻的阶地T1。区域河流景观的这些周期性变化深刻地影响了史前定居点的位置和扩张。裴李岗期（9.0-7.0 ka B. P.），冲积物聚集的早期阶段导致了沿着的宽而浅的河道。依靠采集和狩猎获取食物的早期人类选择在沿着这样的河流环境中建立小型定居点。仰韶期（7.0- 5.0kaB. P.）继续冲积，他们搬到了更高的地方，远离西南部的河流，并在高冲积地面上蓬勃发展。当龙山期（5.0- 4.0kaB. P.）以后形成次级阶地时，人们再次东移，在颍河T2阶地和T3阶地上建造早期城市。当水位上升到梯田表面时，他们开始建造护城河，并实行小米和水稻混合种植。东周时期（公元前770-4256年），当河流开始大规模地向下切割时，人类的反应是在东部较低和平坦的平原上建造定居点。
Reconstructing the evolution of fluvial landscapes is vital to our understanding of how and why early settlements used or abandoned locations in dynamic alluvial settings, especially places such as China's Central Plains where alluvial landforms have dominated since at least the late Pleistocene era. The Wangchenggang (WCG) site on the upper reaches of the Ying River is considered to be the legendary capital of the Great Yu who, according to historical documents, heroically tamed the big floods and founded the first dynasty of Xia. However, evolution of the alluvial landscape of the Holocene Ying River and its influence on the long‐term settlement change at the WCG site remains unclear. We present a detailed reconstruction of long‐term landscape evolution and settlement change at the site, based on the results of our geoarchaeological investigation, and published paleoclimate and archaeobotanical data. The results show that the region experienced an episode of extensive alluvial accretion in the late Pleistocene. From the end of the late Pleistocene to the early Holocene, the Ying River began to incise the alluvial plain, leading to the formation of the oldest terrace (T3). The middle and late Holocene in the Ying River valleys saw two episodes of alluvial aggradation between 7.7–5.4 ka B.P. (before present) and 4.5–3.8 ka B.P., respectively. Each of these events was followed by an alluvial incision, resulting in the formation of new alluvial terraces. During the historical periods, the youngest terrace T1 was formed. These cyclic changes in the regional fluvial landscape profoundly impacted the location and expansion of prehistoric settlements. During the Peiligang period (9.0–7.0 ka B.P.), the early stages of alluvial aggregation resulted in wide and shallow channels along the rivers. Early humans who relied on gathering and hunting for food chose to establish small settlements along such riverine environments. As alluvial aggradation continued in the Yangshao period (7.0–5.0 ka B.P.), they moved to a higher place, away from the rivers in the southwest, and flourished on high alluvial grounds. When a secondary terrace formed after the Longshan period (5.0–4.0 ka B.P.), people moved eastward again to build an early city on the T2 terraces and T3 terraces of the Ying River. When the water levels rose toward the terrace surfaces, they began to build moats and practiced mixed millet–rice farming. During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770–4256 B.C.), when the river started to down cut on a large scale, humans responded by building settlements on the lower and flat plains in the east.