Nests, tree holes, and the evolution of primate life histories.
Nests, tree holes, and the evolution of primate life histories.
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巢穴、树洞和灵长类动物生活史的进化。
DOI：
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发表时间：
1998
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
P. Kappeler
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
P. Kappeler
与大多数灵长类动物不同的是，许多原猿、一些新大陆猴和类人猿在它们不活动的时候会在树洞里休息或自建巢穴。本比较研究的目的是检验这种种间变异的可能功能。从文献中收集了关于休息行为、母性行为和基本生活史特征的信息，并将其映射到灵长类动物的系统发育树上，用于各种比较测试。基于parsimoni的重建显示，在各种高等分类群中，只有巢或树洞作为幼小婴儿的庇护所可以明确地重建，这表明它在功能上不同于成人（可能有婴儿陪伴）对庇护所的使用。进一步的重建显示，这种灵长类祖先很可能是夜行动物，独居，只生了一个婴儿，最初被留在避难所，后来被口服带到植被中的一个停车位——这是许多现存加拉戈斯群岛所表现出的特征的结合。巢穴使用的进化损失主要集中在昼行性和非独居的类群中，与体型的进化增加关系微弱。因此，原狐猴使用的巢穴或树洞的保护功能要么是次要的，要么有其他获得保护的方式。因为更大的幼崽的进化与庇护所的存在有很大的关系，所以在原猿中相对晚生的幼崽的存在最好地解释了巢穴和树洞的使用，在大多数情况下，但不是所有的情况下，成年动物也会使用巢穴和树洞。因此，这些庇护所在原始灵长类动物及其祖先的生活史策略中起着不可或缺的作用，并在类人猿中进化为次要目的。
In contrast to the majority of primates, many prosimians, some New World monkeys, and the great apes rest in tree holes or self-constructed nests during their inactive periods. The goal of this comparative study was to examine possible functions of this interspecific variation. Information on resting behavior, maternal behavior, and basic life-history traits was gleaned from the literature and mapped onto a phylogenetic tree of primates for various comparative tests. Parsimony-based reconstructions revealed that only the use of nests or tree holes as shelters for young infants can be unequivocally reconstructed for various higher taxa, suggesting that it is functionally different from the use of shelters by adults (who may be accompanied by infants). Further reconstructions revealed that the ancestral primate was most likely nocturnal and solitary and produced a single infant that was initially left in a shelter and later carried orally to a parking place in the vegetation--a combination of traits exhibited by many living galagos. Evolutionary losses of the use of nests were concentrated among diurnal and nonsolitary taxa and weakly associated with evolutionary increases in body size. Thus, protective functions of nests or tree holes used by prosimians are either secondary or there are alternative ways of obtaining protection. Because the evolution of larger litters was significantly associated with the presence of shelters, the presence of relatively altricial young among prosimians best explains the use of nests and tree holes, which are in most but not all cases also used by adults. These shelters therefore play an integral part in the life-history strategies of primitive primates and their ancestors and evolved secondarily among anthropoids for other purposes.