The theory of the parent-infant relationship.
The theory of the parent-infant relationship.
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亲子关系理论。
DOI：
10.1093/med:psych/9780190271381.003.0022
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发表时间：
1960
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
D. Winnicott
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. Winnicott
通过对婴儿期研究与精神分析移情研究的比较，也许可以最好地阐明本文的要点。2 无论如何强调，我的陈述是关于婴儿期的，而不是主要关于精神分析的。之所以要明白这一点，是要抓住问题的根源的。如果这篇论文没有做出建设性的贡献，那么它只会加剧人们对个人和环境影响在个人发展中的相对重要性的现有困惑。在我们所知的精神分析中，没有任何创伤是超出个人全能的。一切最终都会受到自我控制，从而与次要过程相关。如果分析师说：“你的母亲不够好……你的父亲真的引诱了你……你的阿姨抛弃了你，那么病人就没有任何帮助。”当创伤因素以患者自己的方式并在患者的全能范围内进入精神分析材料时，分析就会发生变化。可替代的解释是那些可以根据投影做出的解释。这同样适用于良性因素，即导致满意度的因素。一切都根据个人的爱和矛盾心理来解释。分析师准备等待很长时间才能完成此类工作。然而，在婴儿期，发生在婴儿身上的好事和坏事完全超出了婴儿的承受范围。事实上，婴儿期是婴儿将外部因素聚集到全能领域的能力正在形成的时期。母亲照顾的自我支持使婴儿能够生活和发展，尽管他还无法控制环境中的好坏，或感到对环境的好坏负责。这些最早阶段的事件不能被认为是通过我们所知道的镇压机制而消失的，因此分析家不能指望发现它们是作为减轻镇压力量的工作的结果而出现的。弗洛伊德在使用“初级压抑”一词时可能试图考虑到这些现象，但这有待商榷。相当肯定的是，这里讨论的问题在许多精神分析文献中都被认为是理所当然的。3回到精神分析，我说过，分析师准备等待，直到患者能够以允许将其解释为预测的方式呈现环境因素。在精心选择的案例中，这个结果来自于患者的信心能力，这是在分析师和专业环境的可靠性中重新发现的。有时分析师需要等待很长时间；在经典精神分析选择不当的情况下，分析师的可靠性可能是最重要的因素（或者比解释更重要），因为患者在婴儿期的母亲护理中没有经历过这种可靠性，如果患者要利用这种可靠性，他将需要在分析师的行为中第一次找到它。这似乎是研究精神分析师在治疗精神分裂症和其他精神病方面可以做什么的问题的基础。在边缘情况下，分析师并不总是徒劳地等待。随着时间的推移，患者变得能够利用对原始创伤的精神分析解释
The main point of this paper can perhaps best be brought out through a comparison of the study of infancy with the study of the psycho-analytic transference.2 It cannot be too strongly emphasized that my statement is about infancy, and not primarily about psycho-analysis. The reason why this must be understood reaches to the root of the matter. If this paper does not contribute constructively, then it can only add to the existing confusion about the relative importance of personal and environmental influences in the development of the individual. In psycho-analysis as we know it there is no trauma that is outside the individual's omnipotence. Everything eventually comes under ego-control, and thus becomes related to secondary processes. The patient is not helped if the analyst says: 'Your mother was not good enough ... your father really seduced you ... your aunt dropped you.' Changes come in an analysis when the traumatic factors enter the psycho-analytic material in the patient's own way, and within the patient's omnipotence. The interpretations that are alterative are those that can be made in terms of projection. The same applies to the benign factors, factors that led to satisfaction. Everything is interpreted in terms of the individual's love and ambivalence. The analyst is prepared to wait a long time to be in a position to do exactly this kind of work. In infancy, however, good and bad things happen to the infant that are quite outside the infant's range. In fact infancy is the period in which the capacity for gathering external factors into the area of the infant's omnipotence is in process of formation. The ego support of the maternal care enables the infant to live and develop in spite of his being not yet able to control, or to feel responsible for, what is good and bad in the environment. The events of these earliest stages cannot be thought of as lost through what we know as the mechanisms of repression, and therefore analysts cannot expect to find them appearing as a result of work which lessens the forces of repression. It is possible that Freud was trying to allow for these phenomena when he used the term primary repression, but this is open to argument. What is fairly certain is that the matters under discussion here have had to be taken for granted in much of the psycho-analytic literature.3 Returning to psycho-analysis, I have said that the analyst is prepared to wait till the patient becomes able to present the environmental factors in terms that allow of their interpretation as projections. In the well-chosen case this result comes from the patient's capacity for confidence, which is rediscovered in the reliability of the analyst and the professional setting. Sometimes the analyst needs to wait a very long time; and in the case that is badly chosen for classical psycho-analysis it is likely that the reliability of the analyst is the most important factor (or more important than the interpretations) because the patient did not experience such reliability in the maternal care of infancy, and if the patient is to make use of such reliability he will need to find it for the first time in the analyst's behaviour. This would seem to be the basis for research into the problem of what a psycho-analyst can do in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychoses. In borderline cases the analyst does not always wait in vain; in the course of time the patient becomes able to make use of the psycho-analytic interpretations of the original traumata