Why are male malaria parasites in such a rush?: Sex-specific evolution and host-parasite interactions.
Why are male malaria parasites in such a rush?: Sex-specific evolution and host-parasite interactions.
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为什么雄性疟疾寄生虫如此猖獗？：性别特异性进化和宿主与寄生虫的相互作用。
DOI：
10.1093/emph/eos003
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发表时间：
2013-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Kaczanowski S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Khan SM;Reece SE;Waters AP;Janse CJ;Kaczanowski S
宿主免疫选择只在男性疟疾寄生虫中表达的基因的快速、适应性和进化。对多个疟疾物种的基因组和蛋白质组数据的分析显示，在单细胞寄生虫中，具有性别偏见表达的基因迅速适应进化。加速进化使寄生虫能够应对降低生育能力的宿主免疫反应。背景：致病生物以快速的分子进化和快速适应生态变化的能力而臭名昭著。性别在进化中扮演着关键角色，最近在人类和其他多细胞生物体中的研究表明，主要或仅在男性身上表达的基因表现出最快的适应性进化速度。然而，尽管有性繁殖对许多单细胞类群来说很重要，但性别偏见的基因表达及其进化意义被忽视了。方法：我们分析了多种疟疾寄生虫(疟原虫)的基因组数据和不同生命周期阶段的蛋白质组数据。结果：男性偏向基因的加速进化仅在多细胞类群中被检测到，但我们的分析表明，具有男性特有表达的基因的加速进化也是单细胞生物体的一个特征。这种“快速雄性”进化是适应性的，可能是由于交配池中配子的性别比例偏向于男性而促成的。此外，我们认为，我们观察到的异常进化速度是由雄性和宿主免疫反应之间的相互作用驱动的。结论：我们揭示了一种新的宿主-寄生虫协同进化形式，使寄生虫能够逃避对生育能力产生负面影响的宿主免疫反应。寄生虫加速进化基因的识别对于药物和疫苗靶点的识别具有重要意义。具体地说，针对男性的疫苗将比针对女性或两性的疫苗更容易受到寄生虫进化的影响。
Host immunity selects for the rapid, adaptive, evolution of genes expressed exclusively in male malaria parasites. Analyses of genomic and proteomic data across multiple malaria species reveals rapid adaptive evolution of genes with sex-biased expression in unicellular parasites. Accelerated evolution enables parasites to cope with host immune responses that reduce fertility. Background: Disease-causing organisms are notorious for fast rates of molecular evolution and the ability to adapt rapidly to changes in their ecology. Sex plays a key role in evolution, and recent studies, in humans and other multicellular organisms, document that genes expressed principally or exclusively in males exhibit the fastest rates of adaptive evolution. However, despite the importance of sexual reproduction for many unicellular taxa, sex-biased gene expression and its evolutionary implications have been overlooked. Methods: We analyse genomic data from multiple malaria parasite (Plasmodium) species and proteomic data sets from different parasite life cycle stages. Results: The accelerated evolution of male-biased genes has only been examined in multicellular taxa, but our analyses reveal that accelerated evolution in genes with male-specific expression is also a feature of unicellular organisms. This ‘fast-male’ evolution is adaptive and likely facilitated by the male-biased sex ratio of gametes in the mating pool. Furthermore, we propose that the exceptional rates of evolution we observe are driven by interactions between males and host immune responses. Conclusions: We reveal a novel form of host–parasite coevolution that enables parasites to evade host immune responses that negatively impact upon fertility. The identification of parasite genes with accelerated evolution has important implications for the identification of drug and vaccine targets. Specifically, vaccines targeting males will be more vulnerable to parasite evolution than those targeting females or both sexes.