Influence of forest infrastructure on the responses of ecosystem services to climate extremes in the Midwest and Northeast United States from 1980 to 2019
Influence of forest infrastructure on the responses of ecosystem services to climate extremes in the Midwest and Northeast United States from 1980 to 2019
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DOI：
10.3389/fenvs.2023.1069451
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发表时间：
2023-03
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
D. Kicklighter;Tzu‐Shun Lin;Jiaqi Zhang;Mengye Chen;C. Vörösmarty;Atul K. Jain;J. Melillo
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文献类型：
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作者：
D. Kicklighter;Tzu‐Shun Lin;Jiaqi Zhang;Mengye Chen;C. Vörösmarty;Atul K. Jain;J. Melillo
森林提供了几种重要的生态系统服务，有助于支持人类社会。土地使用、大气化学和气候变化改变森林基础设施，影响森林提供这些生态系统服务的能力及其对现有和未来极端气候事件的敏感性。在这里，我们探讨了美国中西部和东北部不断发展的森林基础设施如何影响碳固存、生物量增量（即，植被碳的变化），与薪材和砍伐相关的生物质燃烧，木材产品的创造，以及1980年至2019年之间在不断变化的环境条件和极端气候事件的背景下使用耦合建模和评估框架的径流。在40年的研究期间，该地区的森林作为一个净大气碳汇687 Tg C与类似数量的碳封存在中西部和东北部。大部分碳被封存在植被中（+771 Tg C），中西部树木中储存的碳比东北部树木中储存的碳多，为未来潜在的木材产品提供了更大的资源。在研究期间，来自森林的径流也为人类提供了46510亿立方米的潜在用水，东北部森林提供的水量是中西部森林的2.4倍。我们的分析表明，气候变化，特别是热浪的影响，对森林生态系统的能力，以封存大气中的二氧化碳，以减轻气候变化，创造新的木材生物量为未来的燃料和木材产品，并提供径流供潜在的人类使用的主导作用。森林固碳和生物量增加似乎是更敏感的热浪在中西部比东北部，而森林径流似乎是更敏感的东北部比中西部。随着时间的推移，郊区扩大和农田废弃导致的土地利用变化加剧了热浪对中西部森林的有害影响，但减轻了东北部森林的这些影响。在制定气候稳定、能源生产和水安全政策时，必须考虑不断演变的森林基础设施如何随着时间的推移改变生态系统服务及其对极端气候事件的反应。
Forests provide several critical ecosystem services that help to support human society. Alteration of forest infrastructure by changes in land use, atmospheric chemistry, and climate change influence the ability of forests to provide these ecosystem services and their sensitivity to existing and future extreme climate events. Here, we explore how the evolving forest infrastructure of the Midwest and Northeast United States influences carbon sequestration, biomass increment (i.e., change in vegetation carbon), biomass burning associated with fuelwood and slash removal, the creation of wood products, and runoff between 1980 and 2019 within the context of changing environmental conditions and extreme climate events using a coupled modeling and assessment framework. For the 40-year study period, the region’s forests functioned as a net atmospheric carbon sink of 687 Tg C with similar amounts of carbon sequestered in the Midwest and the Northeast. Most of the carbon has been sequestered in vegetation (+771 Tg C) with more carbon stored in Midwestern trees than in Northeastern trees to provide a larger resource for potential wood products in the future. Runoff from forests has also provided 4,651 billion m3 of water for potential use by humans during the study period with the Northeastern forests providing about 2.4 times more water than the Midwestern forests. Our analyses indicate that climate variability, as particularly influenced by heat waves, has the dominant effect on the ability of forest ecosystems to sequester atmospheric CO2 to mitigate climate change, create new wood biomass for future fuel and wood products, and provide runoff for potential human use. Forest carbon sequestration and biomass increment appear to be more sensitive to heat waves in the Midwest than the Northeast while forest runoff appears to be more sensitive in the Northeast than the Midwest. Land-use change, driven by expanding suburban areas and cropland abandonment, has enhanced the detrimental heat-wave effects in Midwestern forests over time, but moderated these effects in Northeastern forests. When developing climate stabilization, energy production and water security policies, it will be important to consider how evolving forest infrastructure modifies ecosystem services and their responses to extreme climate events over time.