Uniqueness of Human Running Coordination: The Integration of Modern and Ancient Evolutionary Innovations.
Uniqueness of Human Running Coordination: The Integration of Modern and Ancient Evolutionary Innovations.
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DOI：
10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00262
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Collins DJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kiely J;Collins DJ
跑步是人类文化中普遍存在的活动，也是当代健康，健身和体育活动的基石。然而，对于人类生存的压倒性优势来说，跑步是生存的必要先决条件。一种狩猎的手段，也是被狩猎时逃跑的手段。在一个非常真实的意义上，人类已经进化到跑步。然而奇怪的是，也许是由于跑步在文化上的普遍性和我们学习跑步的自然容易性，我们很少考虑人类两足动物在动物王国中的独特性。我们独特的直立，单一的立场，弹跳运行步态强加了一套独特的协调困难。挑战要求我们在脆弱的大脑最容易受到坠落伤害的位置上保持不稳定的平衡，同时保持稳定，引导旅行方向，并为即将到来的步伐提供动力：所有这些都在短暂的时间框架内，短暂的暴力地面接触被长时间的飞行时间所分开。这些跑步协调的挑战是通过将原始进化遗产（从爬行动物和脊椎动物谱系中保存下来）与相对现代的、更纯粹的人类创新紧密结合起来解决的。这些自上而下和自下而上的控制过程的综合统一赋予人类一个敏捷的控制系统，使我们能够随时调整速度，改变方向，通过不同的地形，并立即适应不断变化的表面条件。这些进化过程的无缝整合是由普遍的，神经和生物，活动依赖性适应性可塑性促进的。随着时间的推移，随着逐渐暴露，这种适应性可塑性塑造了神经和生物结构，以最好地应对定期施加的运动挑战。这种无处不在的可塑性，使一个强大的分布式协调控制系统的逐步建设，组成的过程，是如此深刻的集体englomerate，孤立地描述他们的功能掩盖了他们真正的纠缠的性质。尽管其他物种也依赖类似的协调过程来奔跑，但人类奔跑的弹跳性两足动物的特性提出了一系列特定的协调挑战，使用定制的进化解决方案来解决。对跑步协调现象的基础的更深入的理解促进了概念的清晰，可能为跑步训练和跑步损伤康复干预的未来进展提供信息。
Running is a pervasive activity across human cultures and a cornerstone of contemporary health, fitness, and sporting activities. Yet for the overwhelming predominance of human existence running was an essential prerequisite for survival. A means to hunt, and a means to escape when hunted. In a very real sense humans have evolved to run. Yet curiously, perhaps due to running's cultural ubiquity and the natural ease with which we learn to run, we rarely consider the uniqueness of human bipedal running within the animal kingdom. Our unique upright, single stance, bouncing running gait imposes a unique set of coordinative difficulties. Challenges demanding we precariously balance our fragile brains in the very position where they are most vulnerable to falling injury while simultaneously retaining stability, steering direction of travel, and powering the upcoming stride: all within the abbreviated time-frames afforded by short, violent ground contacts separated by long flight times. These running coordination challenges are solved through the tightly-integrated blending of primitive evolutionary legacies, conserved from reptilian and vertebrate lineages, and comparatively modern, more exclusively human, innovations. The integrated unification of these top-down and bottom-up control processes bestows humans with an agile control system, enabling us to readily modulate speeds, change direction, negotiate varied terrains and to instantaneously adapt to changing surface conditions. The seamless integration of these evolutionary processes is facilitated by pervasive, neural and biological, activity-dependent adaptive plasticity. Over time, and with progressive exposure, this adaptive plasticity shapes neural and biological structures to best cope with regularly imposed movement challenges. This pervasive plasticity enables the gradual construction of a robust system of distributed coordinated control, comprised of processes that are so deeply collectively entwined that describing their functionality in isolation obscures their true irrevocably entangled nature. Although other species rely on a similar set of coordinated processes to run, the bouncing bipedal nature of human running presents a specific set of coordination challenges, solved using a customized blend of evolved solutions. A deeper appreciation of the foundations of the running coordination phenomenon promotes conceptual clarity, potentially informing future advances in running training and running-injury rehabilitation interventions.