Colonisation of urban environments is associated with reduced migratory behaviour, facilitating divergence from ancestral populations
Colonisation of urban environments is associated with reduced migratory behaviour, facilitating divergence from ancestral populations
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19722.x
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发表时间：
2012-04-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Hatchwell, Ben J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Evans, Karl L.;Newton, Jason;Hatchwell, Ben J.
个体如何在新的环境中殖民，克服各种新的选择压力，是生态学和进化中的一个基本问题。城市环境与它们所取代的农村环境明显不同，因此城市地区的成功殖民可能需要当地的适应和祖先种群的表型/遗传差异。这一过程将促进有限的传播和从新的栖息地。在这里，我们评估了七对城市和农村的欧洲黑鸟Turdus merula人口之间的迁移行为的分歧沿着2800公里的横断面横跨欧洲。这种曾经的森林专家现在是其大部分范围内最丰富的城市鸟类之一。我们使用稳定的同位素方法，由于缺乏足够的振铃数据，从多个城市人口，并比较氢同位素比率的组织生长在繁殖（羽毛）和越冬地区（爪），以获得长距离迁徙行为的指数。我们发现一种趋势，城市黑鸟是更多的久坐不动比农村的所有网站，这种分歧是特别强烈的东北限制我们的样带，即在爱沙尼亚和拉脱维亚。这些城市人口是最近（20世纪30年代末至50年代）建立的，这意味着城市化可以促进快速的生态分化。城市鸟类定居行为的增加可能会进一步促进农村和城市种群之间的生态差异，例如城市黑鸟的早期繁殖，在某些情况下可能会导致先前记录的遗传差异。
How individuals colonising novel environments overcome the diverse suite of new selection pressures is a fundamental question in ecology and evolution. Urban environments differ markedly from the rural ones that they replace and successful colonisation of urban areas may therefore require local adaptation and phenotypic/genetic divergence from ancestral populations. Such a process would be facilitated by limited dispersal to and from the novel habitat. Here we assess divergence in migratory behaviour between seven pairs of urban and rural European blackbird Turdus merula populations along a 2800 km transect across Europe. This former forest specialist is now amongst the most abundant urban birds across most of its range. We use a stable isotope approach due to the lack of sufficient ringing data from multiple urban populations, and compare hydrogen isotopic ratios of tissues grown in the breeding (feathers) and wintering areas (claws) to derive an index of long distance migratory behaviour. We find a tendency for urban blackbirds to be more sedentary than rural ones at all sites and this divergence is particularly strong at the north-eastern limit of our transect, i.e. in Estonia and Latvia. These urban populations are those that have been established most recently (from the late 1930s to 1950s) implying that urbanisation can promote rapid ecological divergence. The increased sedentary behaviour of urban birds could promote further ecological divergence between rural and urban populations, such as the earlier breeding of urban blackbirds, and in some cases may contribute to their previously documented genetic divergence.