MicroRNAs and immunity.
MicroRNAs and immunity.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.10.007
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发表时间：
2021-11
影响因子：
7.3
通讯作者：
A. Naqvi;M. Sarwat
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Naqvi;M. Sarwat
非编码 RNA 的发现加深了我们对操作细胞过程的分子机制的理解，并推动分子生物学领域超越蛋白质编码基因 [1]。 MicroRNA 是参与转录后基因调控的最典型的非编码 RNA [2]。它们参与细胞生长、分化、发育、凋亡等体内多种生理和病理过程，甚至在跨界调控中发挥重要作用[3]。在免疫方面，microRNA 负责控制免疫系统的活动，因为它们在健康和患病条件下调节先天性和适应性免疫。它们在 B 和 T 淋巴细胞、树突状细胞、巨噬细胞和其他免疫细胞类型的发育、分化、存活和功能中的作用在过去十年中已得到证实 [4]、[5]、[6]。最近的文献将这些 microRNA 确定为多种人类疾病诊断、预后和治疗靶点或工具的潜在生物标志物。免疫系统中 miRNA 表达的改变和功能障碍与炎症性疾病、过敏性疾病、癌症等各种疾病的发生、进展和抑制相关[7]、[8]、[9]、[10]。据报道，在某些条件下，microRNA 可充当癌基因或肿瘤抑制基因。已知其表达模式的变化会影响癌症的各种特征，包括细胞增殖、侵袭、转移，甚至血管生成。抵抗细胞死亡和逃避生长抑制剂也是由于 miRNA 失调而观察到的一些影响 [11]。因此，改变或控制 miRNA 的表达可能成为诊断、预防和治疗各种炎症和癌症疾病的创新策略。利用基于 microRNA 的策略来恢复免疫能力并最大限度地减少肿瘤免疫逃逸的治疗方法似乎是一个有趣的想法。目前，各种 microRNA 递送系统，例如基于病毒的递送、非病毒递送以及纳米缀合物或囊泡，可用于癌症治疗[12]。然而，对这种串扰背后的分子机制的更深入了解将导致这些系统的有效使用，并将有助于药物设计的全新领域的发展。
Discovery of noncoding RNAs has refined our understanding of molecular mechanisms that operate cellular processes and have advanced the field of molecular biology beyond protein-coding genes [1]. MicroRNAs are the best-characterized non-coding RNAs involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation [2]. They participate in various physiological and pathological processes in our body such as cell growth, differentiation, development, and apoptosis and even play a significant role in cross-kingdom regulation [3]. With regard to the immunity, microRNAs are responsible for governing the activities of the immune system as they regulate both, innate and adaptive immunity under healthy and diseased conditions. Their role in the development, differentiation, survival, and function of B and T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, and other immune cell types has been demonstrated in the past decade [4],[5],[6].Recent literature identifies these microRNAs as potential biomarkers for multiple human disease diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic targets or tools. Altered expression and dysfunction of miRNA in the immune system are interconnected to the initiation, progression, and suppression of various diseases like inflammatory disorders, allergic diseases, cancers, etc [7],[8],[9],[10]. Under certain conditions, microRNAs are reported to function either as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Changes in their expression pattern are known to affect various hallmarks of the cancers including cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and even angiogenesis. Resistance to cell death and evading growth suppressors are also some of the effects observed due to miRNA dysregulation [11]. Therefore, altering or steering the expression of miRNAs might serve as an innovative strategy for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of various inflammatory and cancerous conditions. It seems to be an interesting idea to utilize microRNA-based strategies into therapeutic methodologies to reinstate immune competence and minimalize tumor immune escape. Currently, various microRNAs delivery systems such as virus-based delivery, non-viral delivery, and nano-conjugates or vesicles are available for cancer treatment [12]. However, a deeper knowledge of molecular mechanisms behind this cross-talk will lead to the effective usage of these systems and will help in the development of a completely new realm of drug designing.