Influence of genetically modified organisms on agro-ecosystem processes
Influence of genetically modified organisms on agro-ecosystem processes
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DOI：
10.1016/j.agee.2015.08.021
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发表时间：
2015-12-27
影响因子：
6.6
通讯作者：
Weih, Martin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kolseth, Anna-Karin;D'Hertefeldt, Tina;Weih, Martin
生物技术为将新特性融入生物体提供了广泛的可能性。与农业生态系统相关的转基因（GM）性状包括作物抗虫性和除草剂耐受性、鱼类和牲畜生长速度加快以及土壤微生物固氮能力增强等性状。在这篇综述中，我们评估了转基因植物、微生物和动物对生态系统过程的直接和间接特定性状影响，发现转基因生物（GMO）对生态系统过程的大多数影响是间接的，是管理策略相关变化的结果，而不是转基因生物的直接影响。关于转基因生物的性能和影响的相互矛盾的结果经常被报道，特别是在作物产量和对土壤生物的影响方面。部分原因是不同分辨率的方法被用于不同的生态环境。总体而言，几乎没有证据表明转基因性状对生态系统过程的影响与使用传统方法修改的性状的作用机制不同。然而，尽管转基因生物已经使用了三十多年，但人们对转基因生物对生态系统过程的特定性状影响知之甚少。特别是，在较长时间尺度上将转基因性状与生态系统过程联系起来的研究很少，但需要评估性状影响，特别是在进化背景下。此外，当生物技术融入基础生态研究时，可以提供一种独特的工具来深入了解性状和生态系统过程之间的联系。 (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. 保留所有权利。
Biotechnology offers extensive possibilities to incorporate new traits into organisms. Genetically modified (GM) traits relevant for agro-ecosystems include traits such as pest resistance and herbicide tolerance in crop plants, increased growth rate in fish and livestock, and enhanced nitrogen-fixation capabilities of soil microbes. In this review, we evaluated the direct and indirect trait-specific effects of GM plants, microbes, and animals on ecosystem processes and found that most of the effects of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) on ecosystem processes are indirect and are the result of associated changes in management strategy rather than a direct effect of the GMOs. Conflicting results on the performance and effects of GMOs are frequently reported, especially regarding crop yield and impacts on soil organisms. This is partly because methods with different levels of resolution have been used in different ecological contexts. Overall, there is little evidence that the effects of GM traits on ecosystem processes act with different mechanisms from those of traits modified using conventional methods. However, little is known about trait-specific effects of GMOs on ecosystem processes even though GMOs have been used for more than three decades. In particular, studies linking genetically modified traits to ecosystem processes at longer time scales are rare, but needed for evaluating trait effects, especially in an evolutionary context. In addition, biotechnology may provide a unique tool for gaining insights into the links between traits and ecosystem processes when integrated into basic ecological research. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.