Transformations of Social-Ecological Systems
Transformations of Social-Ecological Systems
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社会生态系统的转变
DOI：
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Helgeson
中科院分区：
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作者：
Tetsu Sato;I. Chabay;J. Helgeson
本章介绍了一个案例研究，重点是在依赖地下水的干旱地区使用现代灌溉农业造成的地下水枯竭问题，以及为解决这一问题而采取的举措。通过与不同利益攸关方的互动，很明显，腌制瓜农和雨养小麦农民--可以被描述为本章所研究区域的社会弱势群体--所拥有的当地环境知识有可能开拓新的市场，并减轻地下水资源消耗的压力。作者发现，这种建立在社会弱势群体传统和文化基础上的与农业相关的当地环境知识，可以帮助解决由被描述为社会特权阶层的农民经营的大规模现代灌溉农业造成的一系列地区性问题。如本章所述，作者利用跨学科方法，与不同的利益攸关方合作，将手头的问题形象化，并发现和编目当地的环境知识，其内容构成了一个解决当地问题和创造新历史的故事。2.1地下水的枯竭2.1.1全球情况地下水淡水仅占世界水量的2.5%左右，其余97.5%为咸水(Shiklomanov和Rodda，2003年)。据说，在这些淡水中，大约30%是地下水，相当于日本松山市T·库姆(*)爱慕大学的某个地方。电子邮件：kume@ehime-u.ac.jp E.AKça Adiyaman University，Adiyaman，土耳其？Springer Nature新加坡Pte Ltd.2018 T.Sato等人。(主编)，《社会-生态系统的转化》，《生态研究专著》，https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2327-0_2 11地区占全球总水量的0.75%。约70%的淡水资源用于农业用途。世界灌溉农业用地面积约3亿公顷，其中约38%使用地下水灌溉，每年有545千米的地下水用于此目的(Siebert等人)。2010)。就全球而言，日本的降雨量相对较大，气候潮湿，这就是为什么它也有相对较大的地下水补给量，每年350-400毫米(统计数据来自修订后的《1980年地下水手册》编辑委员会)。然而，在降雨量非常低的干旱地区，每年只有300毫米，地下水补给量几乎为零。2.1.2灌溉农业和地下水枯竭问题从这个角度来看，利用地下水的灌溉农业需要以一种特别注意储水量和补给量的方式进行，这在干旱地区特别重要。在太阳辐射充足、土地辽阔的干旱地区，通过引进灌溉、重型机械和化肥，很容易增加产量，农民能够享受良好的生活。其结果是，地下水供应不断得到利用，将这些地区推向地下水枯竭的威胁。世界各地都有依赖地下水的干旱地区。地下水枯竭是一个环境问题，它以转型和崩溃的形式引起社会问题，不仅对该地区的可持续农业，而且对当地社区本身都是如此。此外，如果地下水枯竭，曾经被农作物覆盖的大片土地将暴露在这些元素之下；如果这种情况长期持续下去，可能会导致风蚀造成的损害增加(AKça等人)。2015年)。其最终结果是沙漠化和沙尘颗粒像黄沙一样进入大气，不同地区存在的各种环境问题成为全球环境问题的象征，其影响范围延伸到整个星球。本章探讨了拥有100%依赖地下水的大规模灌溉农业的干旱地区面临的与地下水枯竭有关的问题，以及通过与当地不同利益攸关方对话解决这些问题的举措的内容。它描述了在本研究期间遇到的两种不同的次要形式的农业--其从业者可以被描述为社会弱势群体--如何有可能解决这些问题。在此基础上，本报告接着讨论了从这种形式的农业中获得的知识基础以及对这些知识的利用，试图转移到不只依赖地下水的干旱地区的农业类型。12 T.Kume和E.Akça
This chapter introduces a case study focused on the problem of groundwater depletion resulting from the use of modern irrigated agriculture in an arid region that relies on groundwater, along with initiatives that have been made to address the problem. It became apparent, as a result of interaction with a diverse range of stakeholders, that local environmental knowledge possessed by pickling melon farmers and rain fed wheat farmers – groups of people that could be described as the socially vulnerable in the region studied in this chapter – has the potential to open up new markets as well as reduce the pressures on consumption of groundwater resources. The authors discovered that this local environmental knowledge connected with agriculture that is founded on the traditions and cultures of the socially vulnerable could help solve a series of regional issues caused by large scale modern irrigated agriculture which is run by farmers described as the socially privileged. As described in this chapter, the authors utilized a transdisciplinary approach in cooperation with a diverse range of stakeholders to visualize the problems at hand and to uncover and catalog local environmental knowledge, the content of which forms a story for solving local issues and creating a new history. 2.1 The Depletion of Groundwater 2.1.1 Global Situation Surrounding Groundwater Fresh water makes up only around 2.5% of the world’s water, with the remaining 97.5% consisting of salt water (Shiklomanov and Rodda 2003). It is said that of this fresh water, approximately 30% is groundwater, equivalent to somewhere in the T. Kume (*) Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan e-mail: kume@ehime-u.ac.jp E. Akça Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 T. Sato et al. (eds.), Transformations of Social-Ecological Systems, Ecological Research Monographs, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2327-0_2 11 region of 0.75% of the total amount of water globally. Around 70% of fresh water resources are used for agricultural purposes. The world’s irrigated agricultural land covers about 300 million ha, of which an estimated 38% is irrigated using groundwater, and that an annually 545 km of groundwater is used for this purpose (Siebert et al. 2010). Globally speaking, Japan experiences comparatively large volumes of rainfall and has a humid climate, which is why it also has comparatively large volumes of groundwater recharge, in the region of 350–400 mm per year (statistics taken from Editing Committee for the Revised Groundwater Handbook 1980). However, in arid regions, which have very low rainfall volumes of only 300 mm per year, the volumes of groundwater recharge are almost zero. 2.1.2 Irrigated Agriculture and the Problem of Groundwater Depletion From this perspective, irrigated agriculture, which utilizes groundwater, needs to be conducted in a way which pays extra care to storage volumes and recharge volumes, something which is particularly vital in arid regions. In arid regions, which have plentiful solar radiation and vast land areas, production volumes can easily be increased and farmers are able to enjoy a good livelihood through the introduction of irrigation, heavy machinery and chemical fertilizers. As a result, groundwater supplies are continually under use, pushing these regions ever closer to the threat of groundwater depletion. Arid regions that rely on groundwater can be found around the world. Groundwater depletion is an environmental problem that causes social issues in the form of the transformation and collapse, not only of sustainable agriculture in the area, but also local communities themselves. Also, if groundwater becomes depleted, the vast tracts of land that had once been covered in crops become exposed to the elements; if this situation continues in the long run, it can lead to increased damage from wind erosion (Akça et al. 2015). The end result of this is desertification and the supply of dust particles into the atmosphere like yellow sand, and the various environmental issues which exist in different areas come to symbolize global environmental problems with a reach extending throughout the planet. This chapter examines the problems associated with groundwater depletion faced by arid regions with large scale irrigated agriculture that rely 100% on groundwater, along with the content of initiatives that have been made to address the problems through dialog with a diverse range of local stakeholders. It describes how two different minor forms of agriculture, the practitioners of which could be described as the socially vulnerable, encountered during this research have the potential to solve these problems. Based on this, it goes on to discuss the knowledge base gained from such forms of agriculture and the utilization of this in an attempt to shift to types of agriculture in arid regions that do not rely on groundwater alone. 12 T. Kume and E. Akça