The Dutch in Japan
The Dutch in Japan
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在日本的荷兰人
DOI：
10.4324/9780203845189-8
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发表时间：
2003
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
P. Doolan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
P. Doolan
我们中的许多人都读过詹姆斯·克拉维尔（James Clavell）的《幕府将军》（Shogun，1975年），这部小说讲述了荷兰船只De Liefde船员的冒险经历，或者看过理查德·张伯伦（Richard Chamberlain）主演的电视连续剧。2000年4月是Liefde于1600年抵达日本的400周年纪念日，这一事件开启了四个世纪的日荷关系。葡萄牙人是第一批在世纪中期定居日本的欧洲人，他们既追求财富，也追求灵魂。16世纪70年代，当地大名（领主）将长崎作为对外贸易的主要港口，并成为耶稣会士弗朗西斯泽维尔（Xavier）使日本皈依基督教的使命的中心。葡萄牙人也带来了枪支。日本在这个时候被权力斗争所破坏，最后一个幕府（军事统治者）的石原氏族在1573年被废黜。在接下来的30年里，丰臣秀吉建立了他作为日本最有权势的人的地位，尽管他从未声称幕府将军的头衔。他以前的对手之一德川家康，投靠了他，在1598年秀吉死后，家康继续与地方大名争夺对整个日本的控制权。然后，在1598年，一支由四艘船组成的船队离开了鹿特丹，打算环游世界。在一次灾难性的航行后，唯一幸存的船只Liefde（慈善）于1600年4月抵达日本南部。在最初的110名船员中，只有24人幸存，其中6人在抵达后不久死亡。此时德川家康已经对葡萄牙人产生了怀疑，并很高兴地得知荷兰人是他们的敌人。他还希望打破葡萄牙使命的影响，荷兰人向他保证，他们没有兴趣让他的臣民皈依基督教。1600年10月，德川家康在本州中部的关原战役中决定性地击败了他的主要对手。为了这场战斗，他能够从“列弗德”号上请求荷兰炮手和18门大炮的帮助，他对这些新欧洲人的良好印象得到了证实。他任命两名船员，英国人威尔亚当斯和扬·乔斯顿货车·洛登施泰因为他的政府的高级顾问。两人都在为日本服务。1603年，德川家康成为幕府将军，建立了统治日本直到1868年的德川幕府。1609年，新成立的荷兰东印度公司（VOC）的两艘船驶入日本西南部的平户港。他们带来了荷兰领导人橙子莫里斯的一封信，信中邀请幕府将军开始两国之间的官方关系。幕府将军对这封信的语气感到受宠若惊，他向荷兰人颁发了一张许可证，允许他们进入日本所有港口。东印度公司在平户开设了第一个贸易站。葡萄牙的贸易垄断终于被打破。家康继续不信任基督教传教士，担心新的信仰会成为反对他统治的焦点，并在1612年和1614年禁止基督教，开始了一段不断恶化的迫害时期。在17世纪30年代，葡萄牙人也越来越多地受到日本人的贸易限制，而英国人则放弃了打入日本市场的无望尝试。1641年，葡萄牙人被完全驱逐，荷兰人被命令将他们的贸易站从平户搬到长崎湾的小型人工岛出岛。为了确保自己的生存，日本现在几乎完全与世界隔绝。从1641年到1853年美国人的到来，严格控制的出岛上的荷兰哨所是日本通往西方世界的唯一窗口。这创造了历史上独一无二的双边关系。在这几个世纪里，西方的重要发展--从牛顿对引力的研究到天花疫苗接种技术的发展--都是通过东印度公司看似微不足道的小前哨进入日本的。荷兰语成为对外部世界感兴趣的日本学者的必备语言。整个世纪，荷兰东印度公司不断壮大，成为世界上最大的商业组织。在荷兰存在的200年里，有近100万欧洲人乘坐荷兰东印度公司的船只离开荷兰。其海外基地雇用了约25，000名工人。德西马只是东印度公司世界外围的一个小小基地。在1687-88年，该公司的锡兰和巴达维亚办事处各有2,500多名员工;在德希马，
MANY OF US have read James Clavell’s Shogun (1975), the fictional account of the adventures of the crew of the Dutch ship De Liefde, or have seen the television series starring Richard Chamberlain. April 2000 marks the 400th anniversary of the Liefde’s arrival in Japan in 1600, an event which began four centuries of Japanese-Dutch relations. The Portuguese had been the first Europeans to settle in Japan in the mid-sixteenth century, seeking both riches and souls. In the 1570s Nagasaki was opened as the main port for foreign trade by the local daimyo (lord), and became the centre for the Jesuit Francis Xavier’s mission to convert Japan to Christianity. The Portuguese also brought firearms with them. Japan at this time was wracked by power struggles, and the last shogun (military ruler) of the Ashihara clan was deposed in 1573. Over the next thirty years Toyotomi Hideyoshi built up his position as the most powerful man in Japan, though he never claimed the title of shogun. One of his former rivals, Tokugawa Ieyasu, went over to his side and on Hideyoshi’s death in 1598 Ieyasu continued to battle the regional daimyo for control over the whole of Japan. Then, in 1598, a fleet of four ships left Rotterdam intending to circumnavigate the world. After a disastrous voyage, the one surviving vessel, the Liefde (Charity), reached southern Japan in April 1600. Of the original 110 crew members only twenty-four survived, six of whom died shortly after arriving. By this time Tokugawa Ieyasu had grown suspicious of the Portuguese and was pleased to learn that the Dutch were their enemies. He also wished to break the influence of the Portuguese mission, and the Dutch assured him that they had no interest in converting his subjects to Christianity. In October 1600 Tokugawa Ieyasu decisively defeated his main rivals at the Battle of Sekigahara in central Honshu. For the battle he was able to call on the help of Dutch gunners and eighteen cannons from the Liefde, and his favourable impression of these new Europeans was confirmed. He appointed two of the crew, the Englishman Will Adams and Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn, as senior advisors to his government. Both remained in the service of Japan for the rest of their lives. In 1603 Ieyasu established himself as shogun, setting up the Tokugawa Shogunate that ruled Japan until 1868. Then in 1609 two ships of the recently formed Dutch East India Company (VOC) sailed into the port of Hirado in south-western Japan. They carried a letter from the Dutch leader Maurice of Orange, in which he invited the Shogun to commence official relations between the two countries. The Shogun was so flattered by the tone of the letter that he presented the Dutch with a permit giving them access to all Japanese ports. The VOC opened its first trading post in Hirado. The Portuguese trade monopoly was finally broken. Ieyasu continued to distrust the Christian missionaries, fearing the new faith would provide a focus for opposition to his rule, and in 1612 and 1614 he prohibited Christianity, initiating a period of ever-worsening persecution. During the 1630s, the Portuguese were also increasingly penalised by the Japanese with trade restrictions, while the English abandoned as hopeless their attempt to break into the Japanese market. In 1641 the Portuguese were expelled altogether and the Dutch were ordered to move their trading post from Hirado to the tiny artificial island of Deshima in Nagasaki Bay. In order to ensure its own survival Japan now closed itself off from the rest of the world almost completely. From 1641 until the arrival of the Americans in 1853, the strictly-controlled Dutch post on Deshima was Japan’s sole window on the Western world. This created a bilateral relationship unique in history. Crucial Western developments during these centuries— from Newton’s work on gravity to the development of the technique of smallpox vaccination—entered Japan via the VOC’s seemingly insignificant little outpost. Dutch became the imperative language for Japanese scholars interested in the outside world. Throughout the seventeenth century the VOC went from strength to strength, becoming the largest business organisation in the world. During the 200 years of its existence nearly a million Europeans left Holland on one of the VOC’s ships. Its overseas bases employed about 25,000 workers. Deshima was only a tiny base on the periphery of the VOC’s world. In 1687–88 the company’s Ceylon and Batavia offices had over 2,500 employees each; on Deshima there were