Walking and bicycling: An evaluation of environmental audit instruments
Walking and bicycling: An evaluation of environmental audit instruments
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DOI：
10.4278/0890-1171-18.1.21
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发表时间：
2003-09-01
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Lee, C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Moudon, AV;Lee, C
目的.本文回顾了现有的环境审计工具，用于捕获环境的步行性和骑自行车的能力。审查清单和评价这些工具中使用的环境因素的个别措施。它综合了量化建筑环境的知识现状。该论文为健康促进专业人员提供了对影响步行和骑自行车娱乐和交通目的的环境的基本方面的了解。它是开发有效和高效的工具以创建活动友好型社区的基础。数据源关键词检索从基于计算机的学术引文数据库中识别期刊文章，包括国家交通图书馆，科学引文数据库网络和MEDLINE。还检索了政府出版物和会议记录。研究纳入和排除标准。所有的文书，审计物理环境已被列入本次审查，考虑到娱乐和交通有关的步行和骑自行车。排除的是一般的方法，设计来估计步行和骑自行车旅行，那些用于土地利用和交通的实证研究，研究建筑物内的步行。数据提取方法。使用为本次审查制定的关键项目模板，从每项文书中提取了数据。三位经验丰富的研究人员对数据进行了质量保证检查。建筑环境的行为模型根据三个组成部分指导合成：步行或自行车旅行的起点和目的地、所走过的道路的特征以及旅行的起点和目的地周围的区域的特征，这些组成部分与仪器本身的特征相结合，导致将仪器分类为四类库存，路线质量评估，区域质量评估，以及估计步行和骑自行车潜在需求的方法。此外，在每一个仪器测量环境中使用的个体变量被分为四类：空间物理，spatiobehavelicular，spatiopsychosocial，和polities-based。个别地，现有的仪器依赖于选择性的变量类别，因此仅评估影响步行和骑自行车的建筑环境的一部分。由于缺乏关于步行和骑自行车的现有数据以及研究预算有限，大多数工具和个别措施都没有经过严格测试。未来的仪器开发将取决于步行和骑自行车的经验数据的采集，包括所有三个组成部分的行为模型，并考虑所有类别的变量确定。
Purpose. This paper reviews existing environmental audit instruments used to capture the walkability and bikability of environments. The review inventories and evaluates individual measures of environmental factors used in these instruments. It synthesizes the current state of knowledge in quantifying the built environment. The paper provides health promotion professionals an understanding of the essential aspects of environments influencing walking and bicycling for both recreational and transportation purposes. It serves as a basis to develop valid and efficient tools to create activity-friendly communities.Data Sources. Keyword searches identified journal articles from the computer-based, Academic Citation Databases, including the National Transportation Library, the Web of Science Citation Database, and MEDLINE. Governmental publications and conference proceedings were also searched.Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria. All instruments to audit physical environments have been included in this review, considering both recreation- and transportation-related walking and bicycling. Excluded are general methods devised to estimate walking and cycling trips, those used in empirical studies on land use and transportation, and research on walking inside buildings.Data Extraction Methods. Data have been extracted from each instrument using a template of key items developed for this review. The data were examined for quality assurance among three experienced researchers.Data Synthesis. A behavioral model of the built environment guides the synthesis according to three components: the origin and destination of the walk or bike trip, the characteristics of the road traveled, and the characteristics of the areas surrounding the trip's origin and destination, These components, combined with the characteristics of the instruments themselves, lead to a classification of the instruments into the four categories of inventory, route quality assessment, area quality assessment, and approaches to estimating latent demand for walking and bicycling. Furthermore, individual variables used in each instrument to measure the environment are grouped into four classes: spatiophysical, spatiobehavioral, spatiopsychosocial, and polity-based.Major Conclusions. Individually, existing instruments rely on selective classes of variables and therefore assess only parts of built environments that affect walking and bicycling. Most of the instruments and individual measures have not been rigorously tested because of a lack of available data on walking and bicycling and because of limited research budgets. Future instrument development will depend an the acquisition of empirical data on walking and bicycling, on inclusion of all three components of the behavioral model, and on consideration of all classes of variables identified.