Epidemiological evidence on health effects of ultrafine particles
Epidemiological evidence on health effects of ultrafine particles
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DOI：
10.1089/089426802320282310
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发表时间：
2002-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Peters, A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Ibald-Mulli, A;Wichmann, HE;Peters, A
流行病学研究提供的证据表明，环境中的颗粒物浓度与发病率和死亡率有关，这影响了全球空气质量标准的指导方针。随着测量技术的提高，颗粒尺寸越小，效果越明显。基于这些效应和动物对超细颗粒潜在毒性的研究结果，最近的流行病学研究集中在直径小于100 nm的颗粒对健康的影响上。然而，大多数研究都在进行中，到目前为止只有很少的结果可用。德国、芬兰和英国对患有慢性肺部疾病的患者进行了六项小组研究。总体而言，随着每日颗粒物浓度的升高，最大呼气流量减少，每日症状和用药增加。细颗粒物和超细颗粒物都有效果。德国一项关于每日死亡率的大型研究表明，在所有考虑的大小类别中，细颗粒物和超细颗粒物的影响是相似的。然而，细颗粒表现出更多的即时效应，而超细颗粒对死亡率表现出更多的延迟效应。有限数量的流行病学研究表明，细颗粒物和超细颗粒物对健康的影响可能是相互独立的。如果这些影响被正在进行的研究证实，对颗粒物空气污染的监测和监管可能需要修订。
Evidence from epidemiologic studies linking ambient concentrations of particulate matter to morbidity and mortality influenced the guidelines for air quality standards worldwide. With the improvement of measurement techniques, clearer effects were observed with smaller particle sizes. Based on these effects and results from animal studies on the potential toxicity of ultrafine particles, recent epidemiologic studies focus on the health effects of particles which are less than 100nm in diameter. However, most of the studies are ongoing and only few results have been available so far. Six panel studies with patients suffering from chronic pulmonary diseases have been performed in Germany, Finland and the United Kingdom. Overall, a decrease of peak expiratory flow WED and an increase of daily symptoms and medication use was found for elevated daily particle concentrations. Effects were seen with both fine and ultrafine particles. One large study on daily mortality from Germany showed comparable effects of fine and ultrafine particles in all size classes considered. However, fine particles showed more immediate effects while ultrafine particles showed more delayed effects on mortality. The limited number of epidemiological studies suggest that there are health effects of fine and ultrafine particles which might be independent of each other. If these effects are confirmed by ongoing research, monitoring and regulation of particulate air pollution may need to be revised.