Responses to alarm calls by California ground squirrels: Effects of call structure and maternal status
Responses to alarm calls by California ground squirrels: Effects of call structure and maternal status
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加州地松鼠对警报叫声的反应：叫声结构和母性状况的影响
DOI：
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发表时间：
1978
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
D. H. Owings
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. Leger;D. H. Owings
Summary1。本研究的目的是评估加州地鼠报警呼叫系统的五种结构变体的反应诱发特性，并比较育龄和未育龄雌性地鼠对报警呼叫系统的反应性。研究人员在野外向成年雌性地松鼠播放了警报和控制声音的录音。松鼠对控制声音的反应很小。然而，警报响起后，姿势高度和跑步量增加；进食、行走和非运动活动减少。这些回放都没有引起松鼠的发声。这四种“喋喋不休”的叫声引起的反应模式与对哨子的反应明显不同。对喋喋不休的谈话的即时反应之后，很快就会出现直立姿势，随后在通话后的3分钟内，直立姿势会下降。在闲聊后的3分钟内，进食受到抑制，但在初始抑制后运动增加。在对哨声做出最初的奔跑反应之后，行走是常见的，直立姿势被推迟到呼叫后的第二分钟。进食和非运动运动最初受到抑制，但随着时间的推移单调增加。我们提出，这些差异与以下事实自适应相关：发现陆地捕食者后通常会发出喋喋不休的谈话，而口哨通常是飞禽的信号。对四种聊天电话的反应按强度分级，对更多音符和更低噪音的电话的反应达到更高的水平。这种带有高噪音内容的单音通话，引起的反应最弱。我们提出，呼叫的这两个维度（音符数量和噪声内容），与其他几个半独立的参数一起，提供了足够的信号多样性，以允许指定呼叫的指示物（同类或捕食者）以及呼叫者的唤醒水平。我们假设近亲选择是导致有产仔的雌鸟比没有产仔的雌鸟对警报更有反应的原因，我们讨论了这种差异的一些含义。
Summary1.The purposes of this study were to assess the response eliciting properties of five structural variants of the California ground squirrel alarm call system, and to compare the responsiveness of females with and without young to the vocalizations. Tape recordings of alarm calls and control sounds were played back in the field to adult female ground squirrels. The squirrels responded very little to control sounds. Following alarm calls, however, posture height and running increased; feeding, walking and non-locomotion movements decreased. None of the playbacks elicited vocalizations from the squirrels.2.The four chatter-chat calls evoked patterns of response that were distinctly different from reactions to the whistle. The immediate running response to chatter-chats was followed quickly by upright posturing, which subsequently declined throughout the 3-min period following the call. Feeding was suppressed throughout the 3-min post-chatter-chat interval, but movement increased after initial inhibition. After the initial running response to whistles, walking was common and upright posturing was delayed until the second post-call minute. Feeding and nonlocomotion movement were initially suppressed but increased monotonically over time. We proposed that these differences were adaptively related to the fact that chatter-chats typically follow detection of terrestrial predators, whereas whistles usually signal flying raptors.3.The responses to the four chatter-chat calls were graded in intensity, reaching higher levels in response to calls with more notes and lower noise content. The chat, a one-note call with high noise content, evoked the weakest reaction. We proposed that these two dimensions of calling (number of notes and noise content), in conjunction with several other semi-independent parameters, provide a sufficient diversity of signals to permit specification of the referent of the call (conspecific or predator) as well as the arousal level of the caller.4.We hypothesized that kin selection was responsible for the greater responsiveness of parous than of nonparous females to the alarm calls, and we discussed some implications of this difference.