Optical Fiber-Based Core-Shell Coaxially Structured Hybrid Cells for Self-Powered Nanosystems
Optical Fiber-Based Core-Shell Coaxially Structured Hybrid Cells for Self-Powered Nanosystems
复制标题
用于自供电纳米系统的基于光纤的核壳同轴结构混合电池
DOI：
10.1002/adma.201201315
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发表时间：
2012-07-03
影响因子：
29.4
通讯作者：
Wang, Zhong Lin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Pan, Caofeng;Guo, Wenxi;Wang, Zhong Lin
在全球气候变暖和能源危机的威胁下，寻找可再生的绿色能源是人类文明可持续发展面临的最紧迫的挑战之一。与此同时，在纳米世界中，开发一种从环境中获取工作能量的无线自供电系统对于传感、个人电子和国防技术具有重要意义。[1]最近，使用单个设备从我们的生活环境中可用的多个源联合收集能量已经变得非常可取，代表了能源技术的新趋势，不仅用于为个人电子产品供电，而且用于生物医学和医疗保健应用的未来植入式传感器-发射器设备。[2]混合能量收集现在正成为一种广受欢迎的方法，并且已经展示了几种模型，例如用于收集太阳能和机械能的混合电池，[3]生物化学和生物力学能量，[4，5]热能和太阳能，[6]以及声音和太阳能。[7]太阳能可能是我们周围最丰富的清洁和可再生能源，但太阳能并不总是在设备将部署的位置可用，强烈依赖于白天/黑夜，天气，特别是在那些我们想要利用太阳能为隐藏位置的设备供电的特殊情况下。另一方面，机械能在我们的生活环境中广泛存在，并且在太阳能不可用时可以成为电子设备的电源。在这里，我们报告了一种基于光纤的三维（3D）混合电池（HC），由用于收集太阳能的染料敏化太阳能电池（DSSC）和用于收集机械能的纳米发电机（NG）组成;这些都是围绕单根光纤同轴制造的，作为核壳结构。传统的光纤是灵活的，并允许远程传输光，这使得DSSC适合在远程/隐蔽的位置，如洞穴和地下室的太阳能发电，在防御技术，智能建筑和环境科学的应用。在我们的生活环境中广泛使用的机械能将在DSSC不可用时补充电力需求，例如在夜晚和雨天。直径为500 µm、长度为2 cm的HC的输出为7.65 µA和3.3 V，足以为纳米器件甚至商用电子元件供电。或者，HC也可以用作自供电传感器，它将提供有关HC用于检测机械振动的结构（如智能桥梁，图1a）的信息。我们的基于光纤的HC具有巨大的应用潜力，可作为生物科学、环境监测、国防技术甚至个人电子产品中纳米系统的电源，特别是用于为远程/隐藏位置的设备持续供电。在传统光纤的基础上，制作了一种紧凑型HC，由DSSC和压电NG组成。DSSC的设计是基于ZnO纳米线阵列围绕光纤径向生长，[8] c轴指向外，如图1 a-c所示。首先，在光纤上依次沉积5 nm厚的ITO粘附层和50 nm厚的ZnO种子层。光纤上的ITO层不仅用作导电层，而且还作为高折射率材料，允许光逸出光纤并进入DSSC。ZnO籽晶层用于在95 ℃下通过湿化学方法生长ZnO NW阵列5小时。生长NWs的营养液为0.02M Zn（NO3）2.
Searching for renewable and green energy resources is one of the most urgent challenges to the sustainable development of human civilization with the threat of global warming and energy crises. Meanwhile, in the nano-world, the development of a wireless self-powered system that harvests its operating energy from the environment is of great importance for sensing, personal electronic, and defense technologies.[1] Recently, conjunctional harvesting of energy from multiple sources available in our living environments using a single device has become highly desirable, representing a new trend in energy technologies, not only for powering personal electronics but also for future implantable sensor–transmitter devices for biomedical and healthcare applications.[2] Hybrid energy harvesting is now becoming a well-received approach, and several models have already been demonstrated, like hybrid cells for harvesting solar and mechanical energy,[3] biochemical and biomechanical energy,[4, 5] thermal and solar energy,[6] and sound and solar energy.[7] Solar is probably the most abundant clean and renewable energy around us, but solar is not always available at the location the devices will be deployed, being strongly depending on day/night, the weather, and, especially, in those special cases that we want to utilize solar to power devices at concealed locations. On the other hand, mechanical energy is widely available in our living environment and can be a power source for electronic devices when solar is not available. Here, we report an optical fiber-based three-dimensional (3D) hybrid cell (HC), consisting of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) for harvesting solar energy and a nanogenerator (NG) for harvesting mechanical energy; these are fabricated coaxially around a single fiber as a core–shell structure. A conventional optical fiber is flexible and allows remote transmission of light, which makes the DSSC suitable for solar power generation at remote/concealed locations, such as caves and basements, with applications in defensive technologies, smart construction, and environmental science. The widely available mechanical energy in our living environment will supplement the power need when the DSSC is not available, such as at nights and on rainy days. The output for the HC, with a diameter of 500 µm and a length of 2 cm, is 7.65 µA and 3.3 V, which is strong enough to power nanodevices and even commercial electronic components. Alternatively, an HC can also serve as a self-powered sensor, which will give the information about structures (such as a smart bridge, Figure 1a) where the HC is utilized to detect mechanical vibration. Our optical fiber-based HC is of great potential application as a power source for nanosystems in biological sciences, environmental monitoring, defense technology, and even personal electronics, especially for continually powering devices at remote/concealed locations. A compact HC is fabricated based on a traditional optical fiber, consisting of a DSSC and a piezoelectric NG. The design of the DSSC is based on ZnO NWs arrays grown radially around the optical fiber,[8] with the c-axis pointing outwards, as shown in Figure 1 a–c. First, a 5 nm thick ITO adhesion layer followed by a 50 nm thick ZnO seed layer were deposited on the optical fiber in sequence. The ITO layer on the optical fiber not only served as a conductive layer, but also as a high-refractive-index material that allows light to escape the fiber and enter the DSSC. The ZnO seed layer was for growing ZnO NW array via a wet chemical method at 95 C for 5 h. The nutrient solution for growing NWs was an aqueous solution of 0.02 M Zn (NO 3) 2 …