APPLICATION OF APEX FOR FORESTRY

APPLICATION OF APEX FOR FORESTRY
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APEX 在林业中的应用

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发表时间：
2001
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通讯作者：
W. H. Blackburn
W. H. Blackburn
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文献类型：
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作者：
A. Saleh;John R. Williams;J. Wood;L. Hauck;W. H. Blackburn

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本研究旨在确定农业政策/环境扩展（APEX）模型是否可以 合理地复制造林实践对水流以及沉积物和养分负荷的影响。顶点是 进行修改以增强与林业条件相关的因素，例如树冠、枯枝落叶、地下水流截留的降雨， 营养物移动和路线富集比率。德克萨斯州东部阿尔托流域林业项目的历史数据是 用于校准和测试 APEX。历史数据包括测量的流量、沉积物损失和养分（NO3-N、有机 九个小流域（2.6 至 2.7 公顷）的氮、总氮、PO4-P、有机磷和总磷损失，每个流域重复 3 个 以下处理方法：（1）清理、剪切、堆放和焚烧（SHR）； (2)皆伐、滚切、焚烧 （热电联产）； (3) 未受干扰的控制流域 (CON)。此外，修改后的 APEX 模型应用于其中的两个 流域展示其模拟重要沉积物源（道路）和有效最佳管理的能力 实践（河边管理区或 SMZ）。 模拟和测量的暴雨径流、峰值流量以及年平均沉积物和养分损失 合理的协议。 SHR 模拟的每毫米降雨量暴雨径流增加了六倍，CHP 增加了五倍 与 CON 流域相比，处理后第一年的流域。因此，泥沙浓度 SHR 增加了约 13 倍，CHP 流域增加了一倍。第一阶段的营养负荷也有所增加 SHR 和 CHP 流域的处理后年份。然而，暴风雨径流、沉积物和养分损失有所减少 由于植被快速生长，处理后的第二年。暴风雨径流以及沉积物和养分损失 在第四和第五个赛季结束后，SHR 和 CHP 流域的水平均接近 CON 流域的水。 总体而言，考虑到林业损失通常为一到两个数量级，修改后的 APEX 性能是合理的 幅度低于农业损失。进一步的 APEX 模拟表明 SMZ 降低了平均 年径流和泥沙流失，而坡度较大的森林道路增加了森林的径流和泥沙流失 土地。
This study was conducted to determine if the Agricultural Policy/Environmental Extender (APEX) model could reasonably replicate the effects of silvicultural practices on streamflow and loading of sediments and nutrients. APEX was modified to enhance factors associated with forestry conditions such as rainfall interception by canopy, litter, subsurface flow, nutrient movement, and routing enrichment ratios. Historical data from the Alto watershed forestry project in east Texas were used to calibrate and test APEX. The historical data included measured flow, sediment losses, and nutrient (NO3-N, organic N, total N, PO4-P, organic P, and total P) losses from nine small (2.6 to 2.7 ha) watersheds, with three replicates of each of the following treatments: (1) clearing, shearing, windrowing, and burning (SHR); (2) clearcutting, roller chopping, and burning (CHP); and (3) undisturbed control watersheds (CON). In addition, the modified APEX model was applied to two of the watersheds to demonstrate its capabilities in simulating an important sediment source (roads) and an effective best management practice (streamside management zones, or SMZs). The simulated and measured storm runoff, peak flow rates, and average annual sediment and nutrient losses were in reasonable agreement. Simulated storm runoff per mm of rainfall increased six times for SHR and five times for CHP watersheds during the first post-treatment year as compared to CON watersheds. Consequently, the sediment concentration increased about 13 times for SHR and doubled for CHP watersheds. The nutrient loading also increased during the first post-treatment year in SHR and CHP watersheds. However, storm runoff and sediment and nutrient losses were reduced during the second post-treatment year due to rapid vegetation growth. Storm runoff, along with sediment and nutrient losses from both SHR and CHP watersheds, approached those of CON watersheds during the fourth and fifth post-season years. In general, the modified APEX performance was reasonable considering that forestry losses are generally one or two orders of magnitude lower than agricultural losses. Further APEX simulations demonstrated that SMZs decreased the average annual runoff and sediment loss, while forest roads along with greater slope increased runoff and sediment loss from forested land.