Toward a Practical Theory of Timing: Upbeat and E-Series Time for Organisms
Toward a Practical Theory of Timing: Upbeat and E-Series Time for Organisms
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DOI：
10.1007/s12304-020-09398-5
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发表时间：
2020-11-14
期刊：
影响因子：
1.6
通讯作者：
Tomita, Jun
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Nomura, Naoki;Matsuno, Koichiro;Tomita, Jun
时间调节是生物体的一项重要能力。野生动物需要在正确的时刻采取行动才能捕获猎物或逃脱捕食者。陆地植物虽然运动受到限制，但需要决定正确的生长和开花时间。人类还需要决定社会行动的正确时机。尽管科学家可以通过观察来确定此类行为的时间，但我们对作为演员或玩家的生物体如何决定何时采取行动（例如猛冲或猛扑的确切时刻）知之甚少。局外人观察者和内部参与者的时间测量是完全不同的。我们解释了如何在生物体之间进行时间调整和时间跨度的基本操作（两者构成一个单一的调节集）。为此，我们必须重新审视一般的时间概念。我们具体的解释工具包括音乐中被称为乐观（anacrusis）的自然运动，对随后的悲观节奏的推动，作为预期的引导来预测未来的运动。该方案是我们对E系列时间的表述的延伸，即通过交互来共同调整时间，这是从符号学/交际的角度衍生出来的。因此，我们证明基于预测的计时系统不是机械的，而是交流的，并且对未来的预期具有意义。
Timing adjustment is an important ability for living organisms. Wild animals need to act at the right moment to catch prey or escape a predator. Land plants, although limited in their movement, need to decide the right time to grow and bloom. Humans also need to decide the right moment for social actions. Although scientists can pinpoint the timing of such behaviors by observation, we know extremely little about how living organisms as actors or players decide when to act - such as the exact moment to dash or pounce. The time measurements of an outsider-observer and the insider-participants are utterly different. We explain how such essential operations of timing adjustment and temporal spanning, both of which constitute a single regulated set, can be carried out among organisms. For this purpose, we have to reexamine the ordinary conception of time. Our specific explanatory tools include the natural movement known as the upbeat (anacrusis) in music, a rhythmic push for the downbeat that follows, which predicts future moves as an anticipatory lead-in. The scheme is situated in and is the extension of our formulation of E-series time, i.e., timing co-adjusted through interaction, which is derived from the semiotic/communicative perspectives. We thereby demonstrate that a prediction-based timing system is not mechanical but communicative and entails meanings for future anticipation.