Banana xanthomonas wilt continues to spread in Tanzania despite an intensive symptomatic plant removal campaign: an impending socio-economic and ecological disaster
Banana xanthomonas wilt continues to spread in Tanzania despite an intensive symptomatic plant removal campaign: an impending socio-economic and ecological disaster
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尽管开展了密集的有症状植物清除运动，但香蕉黄单胞菌枯萎病仍在坦桑尼亚蔓延：一场迫在眉睫的社会经济和生态灾难
作者：
M. Shimwela;R. Ploetz;F. Beed;Jeffrey B. Jones;J. Blackburn;Shabani I. Mkulila;A. V. Van Bruggen
香蕉黄单胞菌（Xanthomonas wilt， BXW）是由新近引进的香蕉黄单胞菌（Xanthomonas campestris pv）引起。musacearum （Xcm）是坦桑尼亚Kagera香蕉生产的一个限制因素。2013年发起了一场区域范围的根除运动。目的是深入了解BXW的空间和季节发生情况以及现场管理实践。2015年，对135名小农进行了关于BXW和管理做法的访谈，并对他们的农场进行了疾病发病率评估。2014年各病区BXW发病率数据来源于外接处，采用SaTScan进行时空聚类分析。BXW簇在雨季检测到，而在旱季未检测到。这些结果与农民提供的信息一致，即BXW的最高发病率发生在雨季。农民回忆说，BXW发病率在2011年至2013年期间呈指数增长，但在2013年之后急剧下降，与BXW根除运动的开始一致。然而，由于田间工具灭菌不一致和Xcm暴露于雨中，病原体传播仍在继续。贫困农民的田地面临的风险最大，因为他们借用工具，无法实施一些建议的管理做法。在个体农场出现BXW后，每个家庭每月消耗的香蕉串数量从13.1串显著下降到6.4串，种植木薯和玉米的面积相应增加。基于这些发现，我们建议完善BXW的管理建议，特别是限制BXW受影响的植物在干旱时期的砍伐和在火中对农具进行消毒。
Banana Xanthomonas wilt (BXW), caused by the recently introduced pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum (Xcm), is a limiting factor for banana production in Kagera, Tanzania. A region-wide eradication campaign was initiated in 2013. The objectives were to gain insight into the spatial and seasonal occurrences of BXW and into field management practices. In 2015, 135 smallholder farmers were interviewed about BXW and management practices, and their farms were assessed for incidence of the disease. BXW incidence per ward in 2014, obtained from extension offices, and space-time cluster analysis was performed with SaTScan. BXW clusters were detected during rainy but not during dry seasons. These results agreed with the information provided by farmers that the highest incidence of BXW occurred during rainy seasons. Farmers recalled that BXW incidence increased exponentially between 2011 and 2013 but decreased steeply after 2013, coincident with the start of the BXW eradication campaign. However, pathogen transmission continued due to inconsistent sterilization of field tools and exposure of Xcm to rain. Fields of poor farmers are at greatest risk because they borrow tools and are unable to impose some recommended management practices. After the appearance of BXW in individual farms, the number of banana bunches consumed per family per month decreased significantly from 13.1 to 6.4 with a corresponding increase in areas planted to cassava and maize. Based on these findings, we suggest refining the BXW management recommendations, in particular limiting the cutting of BXW-affected plants to dry periods and sterilizing farm tools in fire.