An Updated Classification Of The Recent Crustacea
An Updated Classification Of The Recent Crustacea
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发表时间：
2001
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通讯作者：
Joel W. Martin;G. Davis
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作者：
Joel W. Martin;G. Davis
本文提供了甲壳纲至科的最新分类。该分类是松散的基础上，由鲍曼和阿贝尔（1982年），并包括所有新的科和更高级别的分类群描述自那时以来。此外，在几个甲壳类分组中，通常根据1982年以来积累的或更广泛接受的系统发育信息，纳入了新的安排和分配。其中比较突出的变化，其中一些是更有争议的，是承认前门Pentastomida作为一组颚足类甲壳动物的基础上额外的精子和分子证据，包括寄生的Tantulocarida也在颚足类，处理的鳃足类作为最原始的现存甲壳动物群，并承认Guinot的（1977年，1978年）根据生殖孔的位置将高等（真短尾纲）蟹类分为两个“等级”。修订后的分类包括849个现存的科42目和6类;这是一个近200个家庭的鲍曼和阿贝尔分类增加。咨询了该领域的90多名专家，并请他们为更新作出贡献。有些工人不同意我们的最后安排.特别是，有问题或不同的意见，我们的选择，哪些类群承认，哪些当局和日期信贷的各种类群，特别是在安排和/或内部的更高的类群。为了帮助未来的工作者在甲壳类动物分类和系统发育，评论和反对意见，其中一些工作者被附加到突出领域的不确定性或争议。还附上了有机会作出答复的专家名单（附录二）和载有甲壳类信息的印刷品和万维网资源清单（附录三）。新的分类部分是由于其中一个网站-甲壳动物生物多样性调查（以前可在网址http：//www.nhm.org/cbs/上找到，现在暂时离线）。1.地球上没有任何一组植物或动物表现出现存甲壳纲动物所具有的形态多样性。这种形态上的多样性，或者用古生物学术语来说是差异，使得甲壳类动物的研究如此令人兴奋。然而，这也是为什么要破译这个群体的起源并将它们归类为某种连贯的分类如此困难的原因。由于这个群体的年龄很大，至少可以追溯到寒武纪早期，几乎可以肯定的是，在这之后，有足够的时间进行无休止的形式和功能实验。这数百万年进化的结果是相当耀眼的。目前估计已描述的物种数量约为52，000种（Land，1996年; Monod和Laubier，1996年）。这个估计肯定是偏低的，因为最近的一项估计，洛杉矶县自然历史博物馆，研究和收藏，无脊椎动物学系，900博览会大道，洛杉矶，加州90007电子邮件：jmartin@nhm.org和gdavis@nhm.org仅介形类的活物种数量就在10,000到15,000之间（K. Martens，个人通信，和电子介形虫名录服务器OSTRACON@LISTSERV.UH.EDU）和Kensley（1998年）的讨论估计，与珊瑚礁有关的有孔虫超过54，000种。在后生动物中，估计有52，000个物种，甲壳类动物在整体物种多样性方面排名第四，仅次于昆虫，软体动物和螯形动物。但是甲壳类的形态多样性（差异）比地球上任何其他类群都要高。可能很少有其他种类的动物（鱿鱼是因为Architeuthis而想到的），其中成年人的最大尺寸差异可以达到1000倍。现在已知的螃蟹大小范围从巨大的日本蜘蛛蟹Macrocheira kaempferi的最大腿跨度约为4米和巨大的塔斯马尼亚蟹Pseudocarcinus gigas的最大甲壳宽度为46厘米（如施密特，1965年所引用的）到成熟的产卵雌性鳍兽Nannotheres moorei的最小甲壳宽度为1.5毫米，这是已知的最小的物种。
An updated classification of the Crustacea down to the level of family is provided. The classification is based loosely on that given by Bowman and Abele (1982) and includes all new families and higher level taxa described since that time. In addition, in several crustacean groupings, new arrangements and assignments have been incorporated, based usually on phylogenetic information that has accrued or that has become more widely accepted since 1982. Among the more salient changes, some of which are more controversial than others, are the recognition of the former phylum Pentastomida as a group of maxillopod crustaceans based on additional spermatological and molecular evidence, the inclusion of the parasitic Tantulocarida also among the maxillopods, the treatment of the Branchiopoda as the most primitive extant group of crustaceans, and the recognition of Guinot’s (1977, 1978) division of the higher (eubrachyuran) crabs into two ‘‘grades’’ based primarily on placement of the genital aperture. The revised classification includes 849 extant families in 42 orders and 6 classes; this is an increase of nearly 200 families since the Bowman and Abele classification. More than 90 specialists in the field were consulted and asked to contribute to the update. Some workers are not in agreement with our final arrangement. In particular, there are questions or dissenting opinions over our choice of which taxa to recognize, which authorities and dates to credit for various taxa, and especially over the arrangements among and/or within the higher taxa. As an aid to future workers in crustacean classification and phylogeny, comments and dissenting opinions of some of these workers are appended to highlight areas of uncertainty or controversy. Also appended are a list of the specialists who were given the opportunity to respond (Appendix II) and a list of printed and World Wide Web resources that contain information on crustaceans (Appendix III). The new classification is in part a result of one such site, the Crustacean Biodiversity Survey (formerly found at URL http://www.nhm.org/cbs/, now temporarily off-line). GENERAL INTRODUCTION No group of plants or animals on the planet exhibits the range of morphological diversity seen among the extant Crustacea. This morphological diversity, or disparity in the paleontological jargon, is what makes the study of crustaceans so exciting. Yet it is also what makes deciphering the phylogeny of the group and ordering them into some sort of coherent classification so difficult. Because of the great age of the group, extending back at least as far as the early Cambrian and almost certainly beyond that, there has been ample time for endless experimentation with form and function. The result of these many millions of years of evolution is quite dazzling. The current estimate of the number of described species is approximately 52,000 (Land, 1996; Monod and Laubier, 1996). This estimate is surely on the low side, as a recent estimate of the 1 Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Research and Collections, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007 Email: jmartin@nhm.org and gdavis@nhm.org number of living species of ostracodes alone is 10,000 to 15,000 (K. Martens, pers. comm., and discussions on the electronic ostracode listserver OSTRACON@LISTSERV.UH.EDU) and Kensley (1998) has estimated more than 54,000 for the reefassociated peracarids. Among the Metazoa, the estimate of 52,000 species places crustaceans fourth, behind insects, molluscs, and chelicerates, in terms of overall species diversity. But morphological diversity (disparity) is higher in the Crustacea than in any other taxon on Earth. There are probably few other groups of animals (squids come to mind because of Architeuthis) in which the difference in maximum size of adults can be a factor of 1,000. The known size of crabs now ranges from a maximum leg span of approximately 4 m in the giant Japanese spider crab Macrocheira kaempferi and a maximum carapace width of 46 cm in the giant Tasmanian crab Pseudocarcinus gigas (as cited in Schmitt, 1965) to a minimum of 1.5 mm across the carapace for a mature ovigerous female pinnotherid, Nannotheres moorei, the smallest known spe-