Fairness in Practice: A Survey on Equity in Urban Mobility
Fairness in Practice: A Survey on Equity in Urban Mobility
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发表时间：
2019
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通讯作者：
An Yan;Bill Howe
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作者：
An Yan;Bill Howe
超过54%的世界人口生活在城市地区[1]。预测能源消耗、空气污染、公共安全和交通流量等动态城市活动已成为提高人类生活质量的基本任务。城市流动性与这些问题密切相关，因此是生活质量的主要决定因素[2]，对就业机会和获得教育和医疗保健等资源至关重要[3]。有证据表明，低收入和少数族裔社区的居民集中在远离经济机会和公共资源的地方[4]。这些居民所经历的交通服务的不公正进一步加强了社会排斥，因为交通的可用性和质量影响了一个人获得机会的机会[5，6，7，8]。例如，一项研究表明，居住在通勤时间较长的社区与年轻一代的就业率较低有关[9]。因此，运输公平问题促使政府机构发展广泛的多式联运网络[6]。新的移动性是关于新兴的交通模式，包括但不限于汽车共享，自行车共享和乘车或交通网络公司（跨国公司）[10]。新的移动服务提供了基于技术的、按需的和负担得起的替代传统方式的服务。这些服务为解决交通运输业长期存在的公平问题提供了机会。然而，新的移动服务也带来了新的公平问题。例如，没有互联网服务，智能手机或信用卡的人无法获得服务。此外，研究表明，分发基于应用程序的移动服务的算法或人类可能会歧视有色人种。本文回顾了流动公平研究的方法和研究结果，重点是新的流动。本文的结构安排如下：第二部分介绍了交通公平的背景。第3节总结了目前流动制度公平性研究的主要结果，并简要讨论了未来的研究。第4节审查了评估流动服务提供和使用公平性的常用方法，并审议了其优缺点。第五节讨论了交通公平共同体与机器学习共同体公平性的关系。第六节是论文的总结。
More than 54 percent of the world’s population lives in urban areas [1]. Predicting dynamic urban activities such as energy consumption, air pollution, public safety, and traffic flows has become a fundamental task for improving the quality of human life. Urban mobility is closely intertwined with these problems, and is therefore a major determinant of quality of life [2], crucial to employment opportunities and access to resources such as education and health care [3]. Evidence suggests that residents of low-income and minority neighborhoods are concentrated away from economic opportunity and public resources [4]. Injustice of transportation services experienced by these residents further reinforces social exclusion as the availability and quality of transportation impact a person’s access to opportunities [5, 6, 7, 8]. For example, one study revealed that living in neighborhoods with longer commute times is associated with lower employment rates of younger generations [9]. As a result, transportation equity issues have motivated government agencies to develop extensive multimodal transportation networks[6]. New mobility is about emerging transportation modes, including but not limited to car-sharing, bike-sharing, and ride-hailing or Transportation Network Companies (TNCs) [10]. New mobility services provide technologybased, on-demand, and affordable alternatives to traditional means. These services offer a chance to address persistent equity issues in transportation. However, new mobility services also bring new equity concerns. For example, people without internet service, smart phones, or credit cards are not able to get access to the services. Moreover, studies show that algorithms or human beings that distribute app-based mobility services may discriminate against people of color [11]. This paper reviews the methods and findings of mobility equity studies, with a focus on new mobility. The paper is structured as follows: Section 2 presents the background of transportation equity. Section 3 summarizes the main findings from current equity studies for mobility systems, with a brief discussion on future research. Section 4 reviews the commonly used methods for evaluating the equity of mobility service provision and usage and considers strengths and weaknesses. Section 5 discusses the relationship between the transportation equity community and the fairness in machine learning community. Section 6 concludes the paper.