Running the world on renewables: Hydrogen transmission pipelines and firming geologic storage
Running the world on renewables: Hydrogen transmission pipelines and firming geologic storage
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DOI：
10.1002/er.1373
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发表时间：
2008-04-01
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Leighty, W.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Leighty, W.
在每个大陆上，多样化的可再生资源可以满足人类未来所有的能源需求。地球上最丰富的可再生能源——地理范围大，强度高——通常被搁置：远离最终用户，没有收集和传输系统。大多数可再生能源的产出变化很大，在秒到季节的时间尺度上：能源捕获资产因此在固有的低容量系数（CF）下运行，能源输送不“稳定”。专门用于可再生能源的新电力传输系统将遭受同样的低CF，并代表大量搁浅的资本资产。在千兆瓦（GW）规模上，可再生能源电力可以通过高压输出电解槽转化为氢和氧。氢气将通过管道输送到负荷中心，用于汽车燃料、客户仪表侧的零售价值热电联产、氨生产和炼油厂原料。美国大平原地区的风能，如果完全采收并通过管道输送到市场，就可以供应美国所有的能源。大约15000个新的，大型的，解决方案开采的大平原盐穴可以经济地储存足够的能量作为压缩氢，以每年规模“固定”风力发电，而发电传输系统的增量资本成本为5-10%。在世界范围内，地质构造的加固为多样化、搁浅和丰富的可再生能源增加了巨大的市场和战略价值。版权所有(C) 2008约翰威利父子有限公司
On every continent, diverse renewable resources could supply all humanity's future energy needs. Earth's richest renewable energy resources-large in geographic extent, high intensity-are usually stranded: far from end-users without gathering and transmission systems. The output of most renewables varies greatly, at time scales of seconds to seasons: the energy capture assets thus operate at inherently low capacity factor (CF), and energy delivery is not 'firm'. New electric transmission systems dedicated to renewables will suffer the same low CF and represent substantial stranded capital assets.At gigawatt (GW) scale, renewable-source electricity could be converted to hydrogen and oxygen, via high-pressure-output electrolyzers. Hydrogen would be pipelined to load centers for use as vehicle fuel, retail-value combined-heat-and-power generation on the customers' side of meters, ammonia production, and refinery feedstock. Great Plains, U.S.A. wind energy alone, if fully harvested and pipelined to markets, could supply all U.S.A. energy. About 15 000 new, large, solution-mined Great Plains salt caverns could economically store enough energy as compressed hydrogen to 'firm' this wind power at annual scale, at an incremental capital cost to the generation-transmission system of 5-10%. Worldwide, firming in geologic formations adds great market and strategic value to diverse, stranded, and abundant renewables. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.