Early childhood exposure to non-violent discipline and physical and psychological aggression in low- and middle-income countries: National, regional, and global prevalence estimates
Early childhood exposure to non-violent discipline and physical and psychological aggression in low- and middle-income countries: National, regional, and global prevalence estimates
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DOI：
10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.03.021
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发表时间：
2019-06-01
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Salhi, Carmel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Cuartas, Jorge;McCoy, Dana Charles;Salhi, Carmel
背景：儿童权利倡导者建议消除一切形式的暴力惩戒，因为它对儿童的发展有有害影响。然而，人们对全球普遍存在的各种形式的纪律，包括身体和心理攻击，以及其他形式的非暴力纪律，知之甚少，特别是在低收入和中等收入国家。目的：本研究旨在获得低收入中国家2至4岁儿童暴露于照顾者这些纪律做法的百分比和数量的国家，区域和全球患病率估计。参与者和环境：作为多指标类集调查（MICS）的一部分，我们使用了2010年至2016年期间从49个低收入和中等收入国家的107,063名2至4岁儿童中收集的数据。方法：使用基于交叉验证技术的最佳拟合模型，我们进行了预测建模，以生成2013年131个中低收入国家的患病率估计值，以及这些估计值周围的95%置信区间。结果：我们估计，2013年有2.962亿2至4岁儿童（95% CI 256.9, 300.9）遭受过非暴力管教，相当于人口的83.9%。此外，2.204亿（95% CI 138.1, 283.7）和2.307亿（95% CI 128.4, 300.6）儿童分别暴露于攻击性的身体和心理纪律，患病率分别为62.5%和65.4%。我们还发现，区域间和区域内的估计存在高度异质性，南亚和撒哈拉以南非洲地区暴力惩戒方法的患病率更高。结论：这些结果表明，需要制定新的政策和计划，以尽量减少世界各地的暴力纪律。
Background: Advocates for children's rights have recommended the elimination of all forms of violent discipline given its detrimental effects on children's development. Yet, little is known about the global prevalence of various forms of discipline, including physical and psychological aggression, as well as alternative forms of non-violent discipline, especially in low- and middle income countries (LMICs).Objective: This study aims to obtain national, regional, and global prevalence estimates of the percentage and number of 2- to- 4-y-olds in LMICs exposed to these disciplinary practices by their caregivers. Participants and setting: We use data collected between 2010 and 2016 from 107,063 2- to- 4-y-old children living in 49 LMICs as part of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS).Methods: Using the best-fitting model based on cross-validation techniques, we performed predictive modeling to generate country-level prevalence estimates for 131 LMICs in 2013, as well as 95% confidence intervals around these estimates.Results: We estimate that 296.2 million 2- to- 4-y-olds (95% CI 256.9, 300.9) were exposed to non-violent discipline in 2013, which corresponds to 83.9% of the population. Furthermore, 220.4 million (95% CI 138.1, 283.7) and 230.7 million (95% CI 128.4, 300.6) children were exposed to aggressive physical and psychological discipline, respectively, which corresponds to prevalence of 62.5% and 65.4%. We also identify a high heterogeneity in the estimates across and within regions, finding a higher prevalence of both violent disciplinary methods in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.Conclusions: These results suggest the need for new policies and programs to minimize violent discipline around the world.