Personal exposure to airborne particles and metals: results from the Particle TEAM study in Riverside, California.
Personal exposure to airborne particles and metals: results from the Particle TEAM study in Riverside, California.
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发表时间：
1996
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通讯作者：
H. Özkaynak;J. Xue;J. Spengler;L. Wallace;E. Pellizzari;P. Jenkins
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作者：
H. Özkaynak;J. Xue;J. Spengler;L. Wallace;E. Pellizzari;P. Jenkins
PTEAM研究是第一个大规模的基于概率的个人暴露于颗粒物的研究。该研究由美国环境保护署（EPA）和加州空气资源委员会赞助，由三角研究所（RTI）和哈佛大学公共卫生学院（HSPH）进行。HSPH设计并制造了一个4-lpm，电池供电的可吸入颗粒物（PM10）个人监测器，可供10至70岁的人舒适地佩戴长达14小时。1990年秋季，代表加州滨江139，000名不吸烟居民的178名参与者连续两次佩戴该监测器，每次12小时（白天和夜晚）。采用几乎相同的监测器同时采集室内和室外样品。监测仪配备了不同的采样喷嘴，以收集细颗粒物（PM2.5）。人口加权的白天个人PM10暴露平均为150 +/- 9（SE）微克/立方米，而同期室内和室外浓度为95 +/- 6微克/立方米。这表明在这个人附近存在着多余的质量，一种似乎与个人活动有关的“个人云”。15个流行元素中的14个也在个人样本中进行了评估。室内颗粒物的两个主要室内来源是吸烟和烹饪;然而，即使在这些家庭中，也有一半以上的室内颗粒物来自室外，而且相当一部分室内颗粒物的室内来源不明。附近的家庭室外浓度与室外浓度在中心网站，支持使用中心网站作为一个指标的环境浓度在更广泛的区域的想法。然而，室内浓度与室外浓度的相关性很弱，个人暴露与室外浓度的相关性更差。元素配置文件获得环境烟草烟雾（ETS）（钾和氯的主要贡献）和烹饪排放（铝，铁，钙，氯）。这些剖面可用于未来的源解析研究。
The PTEAM Study was the first large-scale probability-based study of personal exposure to particles. Sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Air Resources Board of California, it was carried out by the Research Triangle Institute (RTI) and the Harvard University School of Public Health (HSPH). HSPH designed and constructed a 4-lpm, battery-operated personal monitor for inhalable particles (PM10) that could be worn comfortably for up to 14 hours by persons from 10 to 70 years old. The monitor was worn for two consecutive 12-hour periods (day and night) during the fall of 1990 by 178 participants representing 139,000 nonsmoking residents of Riverside, California. Nearly identical monitors were employed to collect concurrent indoor and outdoor samples. The monitors were equipped with a different sampling nozzle to collect fine particles (PM2.5). Population-weighted daytime personal PM10 exposures averaged 150 +/- 9 (SE) micrograms/m3, compared to concurrent indoor and outdoor concentrations of 95 +/- 6 micrograms/m3. This suggested the existence of excess mass near the person, a "personal cloud" that appeared related to personal activities. Fourteen of 15 prevalent elements also were evaluated in the personal samples. The two major indoor sources of indoor particles were smoking and cooking; even in these homes, however, more than half of the indoor particles came from outdoors, and a substantial portion of the indoor particles were of undetermined indoor origin. Outdoor concentrations near the homes were well correlated with outdoor concentrations at the central site, supporting the idea of using the central site as an indicator of of ambient concentrations over a wider area. Indoor concentrations were only weakly correlated with outdoor concentrations, however, and personal exposures were even more poorly correlated with outdoor concentrations. Elemental profiles were obtained for environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) (major contributions from potassium and chlorine) and cooking emissions (aluminum, iron, calcium, and chlorine). These profiles can be used in future source apportionment studies.