Hen welfare in different housing systems
Hen welfare in different housing systems
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DOI：
10.3382/ps.2010-00962
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发表时间：
2011-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
4.4
通讯作者：
Porter, R. E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lay, D. C., Jr.;Fulton, R. M.;Porter, R. E.
鸡蛋生产系统已受到更严格的审查。多种因素，如疾病，骨骼和足部健康，害虫和寄生虫负荷，行为，压力，情感状态，营养和遗传影响福利母鸡的经验水平。虽然人们认识到有必要评估这些因素对福利的影响，但研究仍处于早期阶段。我们比较了传统的笼子，家具笼，非笼系统，和室外系统。每个系统的特定属性被证明会影响福利，具有类似属性的系统也会受到类似的影响。例如，母鸡暴露于垫料和土壤的环境，如非笼和户外系统，为疾病和寄生虫提供了更大的机会。环境越复杂，越难清理，群体规模越大，疾病和寄生虫就越容易传播。环境，如传统的笼子，限制运动，可导致骨质疏松症，但环境的复杂性增加，如非笼系统，暴露母鸡骨折的发病率增加。更多的空间允许母鸡执行更多的行为，尽管一些有害的行为，如同类相食和堆积，这导致窒息，可以发生在大群体。人们对每种系统给母鸡带来的压力了解得较少，但似乎每种系统都有其独特的挑战。对所需性状进行选择性育种，如提高骨骼强度、减少啄羽和同类相食，可能有助于改善福利。从母鸡福利的角度来看，似乎没有一种单一的住房制度是理想的。虽然环境的复杂性增加了行为的机会，但它也带来了疾病和害虫控制方面的困难。此外，环境的复杂性可以为母鸡创造机会表达可能对其福利有害的行为。因此，任何评估向替代性住房制度转变的可持续性的尝试都需要认真考虑每种住房制度的优缺点。
Egg production systems have become subject to heightened levels of scrutiny. Multiple factors such as disease, skeletal and foot health, pest and parasite load, behavior, stress, affective states, nutrition, and genetics influence the level of welfare hens experience. Although the need to evaluate the influence of these factors on welfare is recognized, research is still in the early stages. We compared conventional cages, furnished cages, noncage systems, and outdoor systems. Specific attributes of each system are shown to affect welfare, and systems that have similar attributes are affected similarly. For instance, environments in which hens are exposed to litter and soil, such as noncage and outdoor systems, provide a greater opportunity for disease and parasites. The more complex the environment, the more difficult it is to clean, and the larger the group size, the more easily disease and parasites are able to spread. Environments such as conventional cages, which limit movement, can lead to osteoporosis, but environments that have increased complexity, such as noncage systems, expose hens to an increased incidence of bone fractures. More space allows for hens to perform a greater repertoire of behaviors, although some deleterious behaviors such as cannibalism and piling, which results in smothering, can occur in large groups. Less is understood about the stress that each system imposes on the hen, but it appears that each system has its unique challenges. Selective breeding for desired traits such as improved bone strength and decreased feather pecking and cannibalism may help to improve welfare. It appears that no single housing system is ideal from a hen welfare perspective. Although environmental complexity increases behavioral opportunities, it also introduces difficulties in terms of disease and pest control. In addition, environmental complexity can create opportunities for the hens to express behaviors that may be detrimental to their welfare. As a result, any attempt to evaluate the sustainability of a switch to an alternative housing system requires careful consideration of the merits and shortcomings of each housing system.