See and be seen: Infant-caregiver social looking during locomotor free play
See and be seen: Infant-caregiver social looking during locomotor free play
复制标题
看与被看 婴儿与看护人在自由运动游戏中的社交观察
DOI：
10.1111/desc.12626
复制
发表时间：
2018-07-01
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Adolph, Karen E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Franchak, John M.;Kretch, Kari S.;Adolph, Karen E.
婴儿与其照顾者之间的面对面互动是发育研究的支柱。然而，研究二元相互作用的常见实验室范例过于简单化了通过让婴儿和护理人员面对面坐在固定位置来观察伴侣面部的行为。在限制较少的情况下，当双方都可以自由活动时，婴儿和护理人员必须移动头部和身体才能互相注视。我们假设二人组中每个成员的面部注视和相互凝视会随着注视运动成本的增加而减少。为了验证这一假设，12 个月大的爬行和行走婴儿及其父母佩戴头戴式眼动仪来记录二人组中每个成员在一个充满玩具的大型游戏室中自由玩耍时的眼球运动。研究结果显示，增加的运动成本会减少看脸和相互凝视：当自己的姿势或对方的姿势需要更多的运动努力才能看到对方的脸部时，每个伙伴都会减少看对方的脸。当婴儿俯卧时，护理人员会花更多时间趴在地上，以模仿婴儿的姿势，这可能是为了方便观察脸部。婴儿更多地看玩具而不是看护者的脸，但看护者看婴儿的脸和玩具的次数是相等的。此外，与使用固定任务的研究相比，婴儿较少看玩具和面孔，这表明在不受约束的运动任务中注意力需求有所不同。综上所述，研究结果表明，不断变化的运动限制会影响现实生活中的社交形象。
Face-to-face interaction between infants and their caregivers is a mainstay of developmental research. However, common laboratory paradigms for studying dyadic interaction oversimplify the act of looking at the partner's face by seating infants and caregivers face to face in stationary positions. In less constrained conditions when both partners are freely mobile, infants and caregivers must move their heads and bodies to look at each other. We hypothesized that face looking and mutual gaze for each member of the dyad would decrease with increased motor costs of looking. To test this hypothesis, 12-month-old crawling and walking infants and their parents wore head-mounted eye trackers to record eye movements of each member of the dyad during locomotor free play in a large toy-filled playroom. Findings revealed that increased motor costs decreased face looking and mutual gaze: Each partner looked less at the other's face when their own posture or the other's posture required more motor effort to gain visual access to the other's face. Caregivers mirrored infants' posture by spending more time down on the ground when infants were prone, perhaps to facilitate face looking. Infants looked more at toys than at their caregiver's face, but caregivers looked at their infant's face and at toys in equal amounts. Furthermore, infants looked less at toys and faces compared to studies that used stationary tasks, suggesting that the attentional demands differ in an unconstrained locomotor task. Taken together, findings indicate that ever-changing motor constraints affect real-life social looking.