Toxic Chemical Governance Failure in the United States: Key Lessons and Paths Forward
Toxic Chemical Governance Failure in the United States: Key Lessons and Paths Forward
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DOI：
10.1093/biosci/biz065
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发表时间：
2019-08-01
期刊：
影响因子：
10.1
通讯作者：
Granek, Elise F.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chiapella, Ariana M.;Grabowski, Zbigniew J.;Granek, Elise F.
40多年来，美国的法规未能保护人类和环境健康。我们认为，这些失败是由于对有毒化学品的持续生产、使用和处置的管理存在缺陷。为了解决这一问题，我们需要确定生产、了解和管理有毒化学品的更广泛的社会、政治和技术过程，统称为有毒化学品治理。为此，我们创建了一个概念框架，涵盖治理的五个关键领域：知识生产、政策设计、监测和执行、评估和裁决。在每个领域中，不同权力的社会参与者协商什么构成可接受的风险，在如何处理（或不处理）方面创建长期路径依赖。利用现有文献和五个案例研究，我们讨论了改善治理的四条路径：不断发展的危害范式，解决知识库中的偏见，使治理更加公平，克服路径依赖。
Over 40 years of regulations in the United States have failed to protect human and environmental health. We contend that these failures result from the flawed governance over the continued production, use, and disposal of toxic chemicals. To address this failure, we need to identify the broader social, political, and technological processes producing, knowing, and regulating toxic chemicals, collectively referred to as toxic chemical governance. To do so, we create a conceptual framework covering five key domains of governance: knowledge production, policy design, monitoring and enforcement, evaluation, and adjudication. Within each domain, social actors of varying power negotiate what constitutes acceptable risk, creating longer-term path dependencies in how they are addressed (or not). Using existing literature and five case studies, we discuss four paths for improving governance: evolving paradigms of harm, addressing bias in the knowledge base, making governance more equitable, and overcoming path dependency.