Ecological strategies in fern evolution: a neopteridological overview
Ecological strategies in fern evolution: a neopteridological overview
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DOI：
10.1016/s0034-6667(01)00127-0
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发表时间：
2002-05-01
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
Page, CN
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Page, CN
从生物的生态学中推断过去是重建古环境的几种方法之一。蕨类植物是化石植物区系的主要组成部分，但它们作为环境指标的使用受到缺乏生物物种生态数据和了解化石分布的限制。以新植物学的角度来看，本文讨论了一些重要的生态策略蕨类植物和近缘植物及其潜在的选择压力，根据广泛的调查热带和温带物种和园艺经验的野生物种的行为在实验栽培。类似的选择压力和环境反应的广泛平行发展已经从远亲现存的家庭中寻找，以获得这些植物生物学中固有的弱点和优势的广泛概念。从这些证据中，通过其生物学方面对蕨类植物施加的七个主要限制和十二个重要优势被确定如下：限制：一个独立的配子体阶段的障碍单一生长-孢子体结构的点限制植物生长速度慢不耐受大范围波动的条件蒸发潜力控制不佳不受控制的高繁殖承诺需要“回水养殖”优势：弱光光合能力多样的植物化学武器在饱和湿度水平下的高抗病性对急性营养不平衡基质的高耐受性气载孢子的高迁移能力孢子对不利的气载环境的耐受性育种系统的灵活性以适应不同的生态机会某些配子体的复兴主义倾向所得孢子体的潜在寿命真菌营养体的开发多倍体潜力的开发生物独立性有人认为，这些弱点和长处共同提供了一个广泛的框架，在不同的组合中，限制或开放机会，为蕨类植物的一系列生态栖息地的开发。基于这些数据，几个一般的生态原则。有人提出，随着时间的推移，这种策略很可能已经打开了许多蕨类植物栖息地的机会，但并不是所有这些都一定会留下直接可识别的信号在化石record.Modern蕨类植物的生态局限性和优势发生在广泛的分类光谱和许多是先天的能力的植物。因此，有人认为，一个类似的一般框架的弱点和优势很可能在过去已经运作，因此，在定义和促进生态成就的化石蕨类植物的选择压力和随之而来的适应类似的相关性。这为从现代生态学中推断古生态和古环境提供了可能。这种潜力的例子给出了每一个限制和优势，在可能的情况下，结合化石记录的证据。(C)2002 Elsevier Science B. V.保留所有权利。
Drawing inferences about the past from the ecology of living organisms is one of several approaches to reconstructing palaeo-environments. Pteridophytes are a major component of fossil floras, but their use as environmental indicators is constrained as much by lack of ecological data on living species as by an understanding of the distribution of fossils. Taking a neobotanical perspective, this paper discusses some important ecological strategies of ferns and allied plants and their underlying selection pressures, based on an extensive survey of tropical and temperate species and on horticultural experience of the behaviour of wild species in experimental cultivation. Broadly parallel developments to similar selection pressures and environmental responses have been sought from amongst distantly related extant families, to derive broad concepts of weaknesses and strengths inherent in the biology of these plants.From this evidence, seven main limitations and twelve important advantages imposed on pteridophytes by aspects of their biology are identified as follows:Limitations:The handicap of an independent gametophyte stageSingle growing-point limitations of sporophyte architectureSlow plant growth ratesIntolerance of widely fluctuating conditionsPoorly controlled evaporative potentialUncontrolled high reproductive commitmentNeed to 'return to the water to breed'Advantages:Low-light photosynthetic abilityDiverse phytochemical armamentHigh disease resistance under saturated humidity levelsHigh tolerance of acute nutrient disequilibrium substratesHigh migrational ability of the airborne sporeSpore tolerance of adverse aerial environmentsFlexibility of breeding systems to match varying ecological opportunityRevivalist tendencies of certain gametophytesPotential longevity of resultant sporophytesExploitation of mycotrophyExploitation of potentials of polyploidyBiotic independenceIt is argued that collectively these weaknesses and strengths provide a broad framework, which, operating in varied combinations, limit or open opportunities for exploitation of a considerable array of ecological habitats by Pteridophyta. Based on these data, several general ecological principles are developed. It is proposed that, through time, such strategies are likely to have opened many pteridophyte habitat opportunities, though not all of these will necessarily have left directly identifiable signals in the fossil record.Modern fern ecological limitations and advantages are shown to occur across broad taxonomic spectra and many are innate abilities of the plants. It is, therefore, argued that a similar general framework of weaknesses and strengths is likely to have operated in the past, and thus have been of similar relevance in defining and promoting the ecological achievements of the fossil pteridophytes in relation to selection pressures and consequent adaptations. This opens up the potential to extrapolate from the modern ecology for interpretation of palaeo-ecology and palaeo-environments. Examples of this potential are given for each limitation and advantage, where possible incorporating evidence from the fossil record. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.