The Use of Crisis Services Following the Mass School Shooting in Uvalde, Texas: Quasi-Experimental Event Study.
The Use of Crisis Services Following the Mass School Shooting in Uvalde, Texas: Quasi-Experimental Event Study.
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DOI：
10.2196/42811
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发表时间：
2023-02-08
影响因子：
8.5
通讯作者：
Yaros, Anna
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Weitzel, Kirsty J.;Chew, Robert F.;Miller, Adam Bryant;Oppenheimer, Caroline W.;Lowe, Ashley;Yaros, Anna
关键词：
大规模枪击事件给幸存者和受影响社区的成员造成了广泛的心理创伤。然而，对于间接接触大规模枪击事件（如媒体）的更广泛影响，人们所知甚少。危机热线提供了一个独特的机会，可以检查大规模枪击事件造成的广泛心理影响的实时数据。危机短信热线是一家非营利性公司，提供全天候保密短信心理健康支持和危机干预服务。这项研究调查了2022年5月24日德克萨斯州乌瓦尔德市罗布小学大规模校园枪击案发生前后，危机短信热线中枪支相关对话的数量和组成的变化。使用准实验事件研究设计来比较危机文本线在枪击事件发生后收到的枪支相关对话的实际量与在没有发生枪击事件的反事实情景下预测的枪支对话量。在使用关键词搜索的所有对话中，确定了与枪支有关的对话。使用季节性自回归综合移动平均模型对枪击事件前3个月的数据进行训练，预测枪支谈话量。此外，在拍摄前（n=251）和拍摄后（n=417）的4天内，比较了问题标签（交换后危机咨询志愿者在危机文本线进行的主题编码后对话）的比例，以评估对话特征的变化。选择4天窗口是为了反映会话量保持在预测水平以上的天数。枪击事件发生后，涉及枪支的对话数量显著增加，枪击事件发生后第二天（n=159）的峰值（与预测数字相比）出现在2022年5月25日。到5月28日，体积恢复到预测体积的95% CI范围内（n=77）。在枪支对话中，“悲伤”问题标签在枪击事件发生后一周内的比例显著增加，而“孤立/孤独”、“人际关系”和“自杀”问题标签在枪击事件发生后一周内的比例显著下降。研究结果表明，乌瓦尔德校园枪击事件可能导致了对危机服务需求的增加，超出了历史趋势所预期的水平。此外，我们发现，事件发生后，这些与枪支有关的危机对话更有可能与悲伤有关，而不太可能与自杀、孤独和人际关系有关。我们的发现提供了第一批数据，显示了校园枪击事件对更广泛人群的实时影响。这项工作增加了越来越多的证据基础，记录和测量了直接受影响人群之外的大规模枪击事件的涟漪效应。
Mass shootings result in widespread psychological trauma for survivors and members of the affected community. However, less is known about the broader effects of indirect exposure (eg, media) to mass shootings. Crisis lines offer a unique opportunity to examine real-time data on the widespread psychological effects of mass shootings. Crisis Text Line is a not-for-profit company that provides 24/7 confidential SMS text message–based mental health support and crisis intervention service. This study examines changes in the volume and composition of firearm-related conversations at Crisis Text Line before and after the mass school shooting at Robb Elementary School on May 24, 2022, in Uvalde, Texas. A quasi-experimental event study design was used to compare the actual volume of firearm-related conversations received by Crisis Text Line post shooting to forecasted firearm conversation volume under the counterfactual scenario that a shooting had not occurred. Conversations related to firearms were identified among all conversations using keyword searches. Firearm conversation volume was predicted using a seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average model trained on the 3 months of data leading up to the shooting. Additionally, proportions of issue tags (topics coded post conversation by volunteer crisis counselors at Crisis Text Line after the exchange) were compared in the 4 days before (n=251) and after (n=417) the shooting to assess changes in conversation characteristics. The 4-day window was chosen to reflect the number of days conversation volume remained above forecasted levels. There was a significant increase in the number of conversations mentioning firearms following the shooting, with the largest spike (compared to forecasted numbers) occurring the day after the shooting (n=159) on May 25, 2022. By May 28, the volume reverted to within the 95% CI of the forecasted volume (n=77). Within firearm conversations, “grief” issue tags showed a significant increase in proportion in the week following the shooting, while “isolation/loneliness,” “relationships,” and “suicide” issue tags showed a significant decrease in proportions the week following the shooting. The results suggest that the Uvalde school shooting may have contributed to an increase in demand for crisis services, above what would be expected given historical trends. Additionally, we found that these firearm-related crises conversations immediately post event are more likely to be related to grief and less likely to be related to suicide, loneliness, and relationships. Our findings provide some of the first data showing the real-time repercussions for the broader population exposed to school shooting events. This work adds to a growing evidence base documenting and measuring the rippling effects of mass shootings outside of those directly impacted.
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