Flies Regulate Wing Motion via Active Control of a Dual-Function Gyroscope
Flies Regulate Wing Motion via Active Control of a Dual-Function Gyroscope
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.065
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发表时间：
2019-10-21
期刊：
影响因子：
9.2
通讯作者：
Dickinson, Michael H.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Dickerson, Bradley H.;de Souza, Alysha M.;Dickinson, Michael H.
苍蝇执行其显着的空中机动使用一组机翼转向肌肉，这是激活在特定阶段的行程周期[1-3]。这些肌肉的激活阶段-决定其生物力学输出[4-6]-通过翅膀底部的机械感受器和苍蝇特有的称为笼头的结构的反馈产生[7-9]。从后翼进化而来，微小的笼头以与机翼相同的频率振荡，尽管它们没有空气动力学功能[10]，并且被认为是陀螺仪[10-15]。像翅膀一样，笼头拥有微小的控制肌肉，其活动通过下降的视觉输入进行修改[16]，提高了苍蝇通过调节笼头的运动输出来控制翅膀运动的可能性，尽管这一假设从未被直接验证过。在这里，使用遗传技术可能在果蝇，我们测试的假设，在飞行过程中的视觉输入调制haltere肌肉活动，这反过来又改变了机械感觉反馈，调节翅膀转向肌肉。我们的研究结果表明，而不是仅仅作为一个陀螺仪来检测身体旋转，halteres也作为一个可调节的时钟来设置翅膀运动神经元的尖峰时间，一个专门的能力，从他们的四翼祖先的通用飞行电路进化而来。除了展示感觉结构的传出控制回路如何调节翅膀运动之外，我们的研究结果还提供了对引起halteres进化的选择性场景的深入了解。
Flies execute their remarkable aerial maneuvers using a set of wing steering muscles, which are activated at specific phases of the stroke cycle [1-3]. The activation phase of these muscles-which determines their biomechanical output [4-6]-arises via feedback from mechanoreceptors at the base of the wings and structures unique to flies called halteres [7-9]. Evolved from the hindwings, the tiny halteres oscillate at the same frequency as the wings, although they serve no aerodynamic function [10] and are thought to act as gyroscopes [10-15]. Like the wings, halteres possess minute control muscles whose activity is modified by descending visual input [16], raising the possibility that flies control wing motion by adjusting the motor output of their halteres, although this hypothesis has never been directly tested. Here, using genetic techniques possible in Drosophila melanogaster, we tested the hypothesis that visual input during flight modulates haltere muscle activity and that this, in turn, alters the mechano-sensory feedback that regulates the wing steering muscles. Our results suggest that rather than acting solely as a gyroscope to detect body rotation, halteres also function as an adjustable clock to set the spike timing of wing motor neurons, a specialized capability that evolved from the generic flight circuitry of their four-winged ancestors. In addition to demonstrating how the efferent control loop of a sensory structure regulates wing motion, our results provide insight into the selective scenario that gave rise to the evolution of halteres.