Observations of Prairie Skippers (Oarisma Poweshiek, Hesperia Dacotae, H. Ottoe, H. Leonardus Pawnee, and Atrytone Arogos Iowa) [(Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae] in Iowa, Minnesota, and North Dakota During 1988-1997
Observations of Prairie Skippers (Oarisma Poweshiek, Hesperia Dacotae, H. Ottoe, H. Leonardus Pawnee, and Atrytone Arogos Iowa) [(Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae] in Iowa, Minnesota, and North Dakota During 1988-1997
复制标题
1988-1997 年爱荷华州、明尼苏达州和北达科他州草原船长（Oarisma Poweshiek、Hesperia Dacotae、H. Ottoe、H. Leonardus Pawnee 和 Atrytone Arogos Iowa）的观察[（鳞翅目：Hesperiidae]）
DOI：
10.22543/0090-0222.2001
复制
发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
S. Swengel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Swengel;S. Swengel
1988-1997年夏季在美国爱荷华州、明尼苏达州和北达科他州的40个大草原进行了样带调查。ottoe）在一个网站，290波尼船长（H。leonardus pawnee）和81头Aro arugos skippers（Atrytone arugos）。在可分析种类（除欧氏鲑外）的相对密度（个体数/km）的相关性中，地理因素（纬度和经度）产生的相关性最显著，其次是时间因素（接近中午时个体数较高），最后是天气因素（与温度正相关，与风速负相关）。这些可分析的物种的相对密度表现出更显着的差异，在有关的生境因素比变量描述的昼夜活动模式或天气条件。相对较高的skipper密度发生在干燥，未退化的草原植被的网站，而不是均匀的地形。相对密度的格局也因物种的管理方式而异，包括闲置、放牧、干草或焚烧。花蜜访问的物种，并按性别，如果可能的话，报告。更多的情况下，求爱拒绝比交配观察。在飞行期的后期，雌性达科他船长的比例增加，性别比例变得更加可变。随着相对密度的增加，达科他州和波尼州的性别比例变得更少的变化，并倾向于在一个均匀的比例范围内向北的值。北美中部的高草草原包含以草本植物群为主的植被。自从欧洲人进入北美，在大多数中部州和省，大约99%的高草草原被摧毁，主要是为了转变为农业。原始（从未耕种过的）草原的碎片仍然存在于保护区，公园和未集约利用的农田中（Curtis 1959，Samson和Knopf 1994）。这种巨大的栖息地破坏大大减少了许多草原相关动物的丰度（Samson和Knopf 1994，1995）。专门栖息于草原的蝴蝶现在相对稀少，主要局限于保护区（Opler 1981，John Wavesson 1986，Panzer et al. 1995，Panzer and Schwartz 1998）。其中有五种（鳞翅目：弄蝶科）：Poweshiek skipperling [Oakhima poweshiek（帕克1870）1，Dakota skipper [Hesperia 1909 Birch Street，Baraboo，威斯康星州53913 USA. 1. Swengel和Swengel：草原跳鱼的观察（Oleyma Poweshiek，Hesperia出版ValpoScholar，1999年268大湖昆虫学家第32卷，第4期图1。40个研究中心（见附录1）所在的研究区域地图（黑色）。
In transect butterfly surveys at 40 prairies in Iowa, Minnesota, and North Dakota in summer each year during 1988-1997, we recorded 2403 adults ofPoweshiek skipperling (Oarisma poweshiek) at 20 sites, 547 Dakota skippers (Hesperia dacotae) at 12 sites, 27 Ottoe skippers (H. ottoe) at one site, 290 Pawnee skippers (H. leonardus pawnee) at eight sites, and 81 Aro gos skippers (Atrytone arogos) at nine sites. In correlations of relative density (individualslkm) of the nalyzable species (all but Ottoe kipper), geographi cal factors (latitude and longitude) produced the most significant correla tions, followed by timi g (with higher numbers nearer noontime), and lastly weather (positive correlation with temperature, negative correlation with wind speed). The relative densities of these analyzable species showed more significant differences in relation to habita factors than to variables describ ing diurnal activity patterns or weather conditions. Relatively higher skipper densities occurred in drier, undegraded prairie vegetation in sites with di verse rather than uniform topography. Patterns of relative density also var ied among species with respect to management by idling, grazing, haying, or burning. Nectar visits by species, and by sex if possible, are reported. More instances of courtship rejection than mating were observed. On later dat s in the flight period, female Dakota skippers proportionately increased nd the sex ratio became more variable. With increasing relative density, the sex ratio of Dakota and Pawnee skippers became less variable and tended to ward values in the range of about an even ratio. The tallgrass prairie of central North America contains vegetation domi nated by herbaceous flora. Since European contact in North America, about 99% of tallgrass prairie has been destroyed in most central states and provinces, primarily for conversion to agriculture. Fragments of original (never tilled) prairie remain in preserves, parks, and unintensively utilized farmland (Curtis 1959, Samson and Knopf 1994). This vast habitat destruc tion has considerably reduced the abundance of many prairie-associated ani mals (Samson and Knopf 1994, 1995). Butterflies specialized to prairie are now relatively rare and primarily restricted to preserves (Opler 1981, John son 1986, Panzer et al. 1995, Panzer and Schwartz 1998). Among these are five skippers (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae): Poweshiek skipperling [Oarisma poweshiek (Parker 1870)1, Dakota skipper [Hesperia 1909 Birch Street, Baraboo, Wisconsin 53913 USA. 1 Swengel and Swengel: Observations of Prairie Skippers (Oarisma Poweshiek, Hesperia Published by ValpoScholar, 1999 268 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 32, No.4 Figure 1. Map of study area (in black), where the 40 study sites (listed in App. 1) are located.