Conceptualizing stigma
Conceptualizing stigma
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DOI：
10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363
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发表时间：
2001-01-01
影响因子：
10.5
通讯作者：
Phelan, JC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Link, BG;Phelan, JC
在过去的二十年里，对耻辱的社会科学研究有了显著的增长，特别是在社会心理学方面，研究人员已经阐明了人们构建认知类别并将这些类别与刻板印象联系起来的方式。在这一增长过程中，污名化的概念被批评为定义过于模糊和个人关注。针对这些批评，我们将污名定义为其组成部分（标签、刻板印象、分离、地位丧失和歧视）的共同出现，并进一步指出，要发生污名，必须行使权力。我们构建的病耻感概念有助于理解病耻感研究中的几个核心问题，从概念的定义到病耻感有时代表受其影响的人生活中非常持久的困境的原因。最后，因为有很多被污名化的情况，而且污名化的过程会影响人们生活的多个领域，因此污名化可能会对收入、住房、犯罪、健康和生活本身等领域的生活机会分配产生巨大影响。由此可见，对了解这种生活机会分布感兴趣的社会科学家也应该对耻辱感兴趣。
Social science research on stigma has grown dramatically over the past two decades, particularly in social psychology, where researchers have elucidated the ways in which people construct cognitive categories and link those categories to stereotyped beliefs. In the midst of this growth, the stigma concept has been criticized as being too vaguely defined and individually focused. In response to these criticisms, we define stigma as the co-occurrence of its components-labeling, stereotyping, separation, status loss, and discrimination-and further indicate that for stigmatization to occur, power must be exercised. The stigma concept we construct has implications for understanding several core issues in stigma research, ranging from the definition of the concept to the reasons stigma sometimes represents a very persistent predicament in the lives of persons affected by it. Finally, because there are so many stigmatized circumstances and because stigmatizing processes can affect multiple domains of people's lives, stigmatization probably has a dramatic bearing on the distribution of life chances in such areas as earnings, housing, criminal involvement, health, and life itself. It follows that social scientists who are interested in understanding the distribution of such life chances should also be interested in stigma.