Social stability and helping in small animal societies
Social stability and helping in small animal societies
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DOI：
10.1098/rstb.2009.0110
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发表时间：
2009-11-12
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
Cant, Michael A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Field, Jeremy;Cant, Michael A.
在原始的群居社会中，所有个体都有可能独立繁殖。我们在本文中关注的关键事实是，在这样的社会中，个体往往排队继承繁殖位置。排队导致预期未来适应度的系统性差异。我们首先讨论这对行为变化的影响。例如，因为靠近队列前面的帮助者有更多的损失，他们应该不那么努力地抚养统治者的后代。然而，如果攻击性的作用是维持或增强队列位置，那么即使在过程中有受伤的风险，排名较高的人也可能比排名较低的人更具攻击性。其次，我们将讨论如何通过很少必须执行的隐藏威胁来执行排队规则。在鱼类中，违反规则的人面临着被驱逐出群体的威胁。相比之下，从属的纸黄蜂在对抗主导黄蜂的升级挑战中不会受伤或被驱逐，也许是因为它们对主导黄蜂更有价值。我们讨论的证据表明，纸黄蜂的优势避免升级冲突让渡繁殖下级。排队规则通常由相邻的个体执行，而不是由优势个体执行。需要进一步的操作研究来揭示队列稳定性的机制，并阐明首先决定队列位置的因素。
In primitively eusocial societies, all individuals can potentially reproduce independently. The key fact that we focus on in this paper is that individuals in such societies instead often queue to inherit breeding positions. Queuing leads to systematic differences in expected future fitness. We first discuss the implications this has for variation in behaviour. For example, because helpers nearer to the front of the queue have more to lose, they should work less hard to rear the dominant's offspring. However, higher rankers may be more aggressive than low rankers, even if they risk injury in the process, if aggression functions to maintain or enhance queue position. Second, we discuss how queuing rules may be enforced through hidden threats that rarely have to be carried out. In fishes, rule breakers face the threat of eviction from the group. In contrast, subordinate paper wasps are not injured or evicted during escalated challenges against the dominant, perhaps because they are more valuable to the dominant. We discuss evidence that paper-wasp dominants avoid escalated conflicts by ceding reproduction to subordinates. Queuing rules appear usually to be enforced by individuals adjacent in the queue rather than by dominants. Further manipulative studies are required to reveal mechanisms underlying queue stability and to elucidate what determines queue position in the first place.