Identifying targets and agents of selection: innovative methods to evaluate the processes that contribute to local adaptation
Identifying targets and agents of selection: innovative methods to evaluate the processes that contribute to local adaptation
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DOI：
10.1111/2041-210x.12777
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发表时间：
2017-06
影响因子：
6.6
通讯作者：
S. Wadgymar;D. Lowry;Billie A. Gould;Caitlyn N. Byron;Rachel M. Mactavish;Jill T. Anderson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Wadgymar;D. Lowry;Billie A. Gould;Caitlyn N. Byron;Rachel M. Mactavish;Jill T. Anderson
大量的实证研究已经证明了局部适应离散的环境，但很少有研究阐明了遗传和环境机制，产生it.here，我们主张的研究，扩大我们的理解局部适应超越模式和过程。我们讨论了如何设计局部适应的研究，以解决进化生态学中两个悬而未决的问题：局部适应是否来自栖息地中各个位点的适应性权衡？选择的代理人如何相互作用，以产生当地的适应离散对比的栖息地类型和连续的环境梯度？为了告知未来对当地适应的遗传基础的调查，我们对使用杂交作图群体或全基因组关联研究（GWAS）面板的相互移植实验在天然田间环境中绘制适合性的数量性状基因座（QTL）的研究进行了文献综述。然后，我们回顾了文献的田间实验，解开各种代理商的选择当地适应的贡献。对于每个问题，我们建议未来的调查路线，并讨论对气候变化和农业研究的影响。(i)在五个生物系统的原生生境中的研究表明，在QTL水平上，地方适应更经常是由条件中性而不是遗传权衡引起的。我们认为这一结果的后果，并讨论我们目前的理解的遗传基础的地方适应知识的差距。(ii)我们发现只有五项研究确定了有助于当地适应的选择因素，而且几乎所有研究都是在离散的栖息地进行的，而不是跨越许多物种栖息的连续环境梯度。我们引入了一个新的实验框架，照亮当地适应的过程。对当地适应的整体看法对于预测生物体对气候变化的反应、加强保护工作以及制定提高作物对环境压力的适应能力的战略至关重要。使用纯种种群或GWAS面板在本地田间环境中操纵选择代理的实验为检测产生本地适应的遗传和环境机制提供了独特的机会。
Extensive empirical work has demonstrated local adaptation to discrete environments, yet few studies have elucidated the genetic and environment mechanisms that generate it. Here, we advocate for research that broadens our understanding of local adaptation beyond pattern and towards process. We discuss how studies of local adaptation can be designed to address two unresolved questions in evolutionary ecology: Does local adaptation result from fitness trade‐offs at individual loci across habitats? How do agents of selection interact to generate local adaptation to discrete contrasting habitats types and continuous environmental gradients? To inform future investigations of the genetic basis of local adaptation, we conducted a literature review of studies that mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) for fitness in native field environments using reciprocal transplant experiments with hybrid mapping populations or Genome‐wide Association Study (GWAS) panels. We then reviewed the literature for field experiments that disentangle the contributions of various agents of selection to local adaptation. For each question, we suggest future lines of inquiry and discuss implications for climate change and agriculture research. (i) Studies in the native habitats of five biological systems revealed that local adaptation is more often caused by conditional neutrality than genetic trade‐offs at the level of the QTL. We consider the ramifications of this result and discuss knowledge gaps in our current understanding of the genetic basis of local adaptation. (ii) We uncovered only five studies that identified the agents of selection that contribute to local adaptation, and nearly all were conducted in discrete habitats rather than across the continuous environmental gradients that many species inhabit. We introduce a novel experimental framework for illuminating the processes underlying local adaptation. A holistic view of local adaptation is critical for predicting the responses of organisms to climate change, enhancing conservation efforts, and developing strategies to improve crop resilience to environmental stress. Experiments that manipulate agents of selection in native field environments using pedigreed populations or GWAS panels offer unique opportunities for detecting the genetic and environmental mechanisms that generate local adaptation.