Phylogenetic Systematics of the Millipede Family Xystodesmidae
Phylogenetic Systematics of the Millipede Family Xystodesmidae
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DOI：
10.1093/isd/ixab003
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发表时间：
2021-03-01
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Marek, Paul E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Means, Jackson C.;Hennen, Derek A.;Marek, Paul E.
千足科共有486种，主要分布于北美和东亚的温带落叶林中。该科的物种多样性在美国东部的阿巴拉契亚山脉最大，有188种。尽管这一类群包括一些著名的分类群，比如那些生物发光的和那些表现出缪勒氏拟态的，产生高达600毫克氰化物的，但可悲的是，这一类群的基本阿尔法分类是不完整的，仅在阿巴拉契亚山脉就有50多个物种未被描述。为了建立一个强大的系统发育基础，以解决令人信服的进化问题和描述物种多样性，我们收集了迄今为止在双足动物中最大的物种系统发育（就物种采样而言）。我们采集了木蝇科57个属中的49个属和247个种，从历史类型地点收集了新的资料，并在未开发的地区发现了新的物种。本文利用6个基因（4个线粒体）和2个核基因对该科进行了系统发育分析，并包括了以前研究中遗漏的关键分类群，包括南花属（Nannaria）、埃尔德里亚（Erdelyia）、东亚分类群和10个新种。我们发现11个部落中有6个是单系的，而这个家族在Euryuridae和Eurymerodesmidae方面是副系的。先前的超种分类部分与系统发育不一致，趋同进化导致了人工属的提出。亚种分类同样与系统发育不一致，亚种始终不是同种的姐妹。系统发育被用作更新家族分类、诊断单系群和告知物种假设的基础。
The millipede family Xystodesmidae includes 486 species distributed primarily in temperate deciduous forests in North America and East Asia. Species diversity of the family is greatest in the Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States, with 188 species. Although the group includes notable taxa such as those that are bioluminescent and others that display Mullerian mimicry, producing up to 600 mg of cyanide, basic alpha-taxonomy of the group is woefully incomplete and more than 50 species remain undescribed in the Appalachian Mountains alone. In order to establish a robust phylogenetic foundation for addressing compelling evolutionary questions and describing species diversity, we assembled the largest species phylogeny (in terms of species sampling) to date in the Diplopoda. We sampled 49 genera (out of 57) and 247 of the species in the family Xystodesmidae, recollecting fresh material from historical type localities and discovering new species in unexplored regions. Here, we present a phylogeny of the family using six genes (four mitochondria) and two nuclear) and include pivotal taxa omitted from previous studies including Nannaria, Erdelyia, taxa from East Asia, and 10 new species. We show that 6 of the 11 tribes are monophyletic, and that the family is paraphyletic with respect to the Euryuridae and Eurymerodesmidae. Prior supraspecific classification is in part inconsistent with the phylogeny and convergent evolution has caused artificial genera to be proposed. Subspecific classification is likewise incongruent with phylogeny and subspecies are consistently not sister to conspecifics.The phylogeny is used as a basis to update the classification of the family, diagnose monophyletic groups, and to inform species hypotheses.